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Quantization is a powerful tool for accelerating large language model (LLM) inference, but the accuracy-performance trade-offs across different formats remain unclear. In this paper, we conduct the most comprehensive empirical study to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Eldar Kurtic , Alexandre Marques , Shubhra Pandit , Mark Kurtz , Dan Alistarh

The adaptation of foundation models has significantly advanced environmental audio deepfake detection (EADD), a rapidly growing area of research. These models are typically fine-tuned or utilized in their frozen states for downstream tasks.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-25 Orchid Chetia Phukan , Girish , Mohd Mujtaba Akhtar , Swarup Ranjan Behera , Nitin Choudhury , Arun Balaji Buduru , Rajesh Sharma , S. R Mahadeva Prasanna

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various kinds of tasks, while the billion or even trillion parameters bring storage and efficiency bottlenecks for inference. Quantization, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Mengtao Lv , Ruiqi Zhu , Xinyu Wang , Yun Li

In Large Language Models (LLMs), the number of parameters has grown exponentially in the past few years, e.g., from 1.5 billion parameters in GPT-2 to 175 billion in GPT-3 to possibly more than trillion in higher versions. This raises a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Mahmoud Elgenedy

The deployment of widely used Transformer architecture is challenging because of heavy computation load and memory overhead during inference, especially when the target device is limited in computational resources such as mobile or edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Insoo Chung , Byeongwook Kim , Yoonjung Choi , Se Jung Kwon , Yongkweon Jeon , Baeseong Park , Sangha Kim , Dongsoo Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have grown beyond the memory capacity of single GPU devices, necessitating quantization techniques for practical deployment. While NF4 (4-bit NormalFloat) quantization enables 4$\times$ memory reduction,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Xiangbo Qi , Chaoyi Jiang , Murali Annavaram

The rapid growth of Large Language Models has driven demand for effective model compression techniques to reduce memory and computation costs. Low-rank pruning has gained attention for its GPU compatibility across all densities. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Jialin Zhao , Yingtao Zhang , Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant documents, but they face scalability issues due to high inference costs and limited context size. Document compression is a practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Maxime Louis , Hervé Déjean , Stéphane Clinchant

Finding optimal data for inpainting is a key problem in the context of partial differential equation based image compression. The data that yields the most accurate reconstruction is real-valued. Thus, quantisation models are mandatory to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-21 Laurent Hoeltgen , Pascal Peter , Michael Breuß

With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a predominant method in the field of professional knowledge-based question answering. Presently, major foundation model companies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Demiao Lin

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant memories from an external database. However, existing RAG methods typically organize all memories in a whole database, potentially limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zheng Wang , Shu Xian Teo , Jieer Ouyang , Yongjun Xu , Wei Shi

The rapid scaling of models has led to prohibitively high training and fine-tuning costs. A major factor accounting for memory consumption is the widespread use of stateful optimizers (e.g., Adam), which maintain auxiliary information of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Cong Xu , Wenbin Liang , Mo Yu , Anan Liu , Ke-Yue Zhang , Shunli Wang , Lizhuang Ma , Jianyong Wang , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

While high-dimensional embedding vectors are being increasingly employed in various tasks like Retrieval-Augmented Generation and Recommendation Systems, popular dimensionality reduction (DR) methods such as PCA and UMAP have rarely been…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Han Zhang , Dongfang Zhao

The ever-growing size of neural networks poses serious challenges on resource-constrained devices, such as embedded sensors. Compression algorithms that reduce their size can mitigate these problems, provided that model performance stays…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Alexander Conzelmann , Robert Bamler

Memory bandwidth is known to be a performance bottleneck for FPGA accelerators, especially when they deal with large multi-dimensional data-sets. A large body of work focuses on reducing of off-chip transfers, but few authors try to improve…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Corentin Ferry , Nicolas Derumigny , Steven Derrien , Sanjay Rajopadhye

The memory capacity of embedding tables in deep learning recommendation models (DLRMs) is increasing dramatically from tens of GBs to TBs across the industry. Given the fast growth in DLRMs, novel solutions are urgently needed, in order to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Chunxing Yin , Bilge Acun , Xing Liu , Carole-Jean Wu

In this paper we present APEX-Embedding-7B (Advanced Processing for Epistemic eXtraction), a 7-billion parameter decoder-only text Feature Extraction Model, specifically designed for Document Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) tasks. Our…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Thea Aviss

Critical decision-making issues in science, engineering, and industry are based on combinatorial optimization; however, its application is inherently limited by the NP-hard nature of the problem. A specialized paradigm of analogue quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-04 Rudraksh Sharma , Ravi Katukam , Arjun Nagulapally

Subspace clustering (SC) is a popular method for dimensionality reduction of high-dimensional data, where it generalizes Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Recently, several methods have been proposed to enhance the robustness of PCA and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Sanghyuk Chun , Yung-Kyun Noh , Jinwoo Shin

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) grounds large language models with external evidence, but under a limited context budget, the key challenge is deciding which retrieved passages should be injected. We show that retrieval relevance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zhipeng Song , Yizhi Zhou , Xiangyu Kong , Jiulong Jiao , Xinrui Bao , Xu You , Xueqing Shi , Yuhang Zhou , Heng Qi