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Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive reasoning abilities, yet their reliance on structured step-by-step processing reveals a critical limitation. In contrast, human cognition fluidly adapts between intuitive, heuristic (System 1)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Alireza S. Ziabari , Nona Ghazizadeh , Zhivar Sourati , Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi , Payam Piray , Morteza Dehghani

Long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has shown great promise in enhancing the emotion understanding performance of large language models (LLMs). However, current fixed-length CoT methods struggle to balance reasoning depth and efficiency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Changhao Song , Yazhou Zhang , Hui Gao , Kaiyun Huang , Peng Zhang

Generating intermediate steps, or Chain of Thought (CoT), is an effective way to significantly improve language models' (LM) multi-step reasoning capability. However, the CoT lengths can grow rapidly with the problem complexity, easily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Soochan Lee , Gunhee Kim

Objective: To improve the efficiency of medical question answering (MedQA) with large language models (LLMs) by avoiding unnecessary reasoning while maintaining accuracy. Methods: We propose Selective Chain-of-Thought (Selective CoT), an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zaifu Zhan , Min Zeng , Shuang Zhou , Yiran Song , Xiaoyi Chen , Yu Hou , Yifan Wu , Yang Ruan , Rui Zhang

Solving mathematics problems has been an intriguing capability of large language models, and many efforts have been made to improve reasoning by extending reasoning length, such as through self-correction and extensive long…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Zishun Yu , Tengyu Xu , Di Jin , Karthik Abinav Sankararaman , Yun He , Wenxuan Zhou , Zhouhao Zeng , Eryk Helenowski , Chen Zhu , Sinong Wang , Hao Ma , Han Fang

Recently, Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have gradually become a research hotspot due to their outstanding performance in handling complex tasks. Among them, DeepSeek R1 has garnered significant attention for its exceptional performance and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Linan Yue , Yichao Du , Yizhi Wang , Weibo Gao , Fangzhou Yao , Li Wang , Ye Liu , Ziyu Xu , Qi Liu , Shimin Di , Min-Ling Zhang

Languages encode distinct abstractions and inductive priors, yet most large language models (LLMs) overlook this diversity by reasoning in a single dominant language. In this work, we introduce x1, a family of reasoning models that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yangfan Ye , Xiaocheng Feng , Xiachong Feng , Yichong Huang , Zekun Yuan , Lei Huang , Weitao Ma , Qichen Hong , Yunfei Lu , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

When humans face problems beyond their immediate capabilities, they rely on tools, providing a promising paradigm for improving visual reasoning in multimodal large language models (MLLMs). Effective reasoning, therefore, hinges on knowing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Mingyang Song , Haoyu Sun , Jiawei Gu , Linjie Li , Luxin Xu , Ranjay Krishna , Yu Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting achieve strong reasoning but often produce unnecessarily long explanations, increasing cost and sometimes reducing accuracy. Fair comparison of efficiency-oriented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Junquan Huang , Haotian Wu , Yubo Gao , Yibo Yan , Junyan Zhang , Yonghua Hei , Song Dai , Jie Zhang , Puay Siew Tan , Xuming Hu

Reasoning models have gained significant attention due to their strong performance, particularly when enhanced with retrieval augmentation. However, these models often incur high computational costs, as both retrieval and reasoning tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Helia Hashemi , Victor Rühle , Saravan Rajmohan

Recent frontier models employ long chain-of-thought reasoning to explore solution spaces in context and achieve stonger performance. While many works study distillation to build smaller yet capable models, most focus on English and little…

Large reasoning models (LRMs) tackle complex reasoning problems by following long chain-of-thoughts (Long CoT) that incorporate reflection, backtracking, and self-validation. However, the training techniques and data requirements to elicit…

The inherent capabilities of a language model (LM) and the reasoning strategies it employs jointly determine its performance in reasoning tasks. While test-time scaling is regarded as an effective approach to tackling complex reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhihong Pan , Kai Zhang , Yuze Zhao , Yupeng Han

Recent advancements in reasoning have significantly enhanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) across diverse tasks. However, excessive reliance on chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jinghui Lu , Haiyang Yu , Siliang Xu , Shiwei Ran , Guozhi Tang , Siqi Wang , Bin Shan , Teng Fu , Hao Feng , Jingqun Tang , Han Wang , Can Huang

Reasoning large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior capacities in solving complicated problems by generating long chain-of-thoughts (CoT), but such a lengthy CoT incurs high inference costs. Previous methods on inference-stage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Minjia Mao , Bowen Yin , Yu Zhu , Xiao Fang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced complex reasoning capabilities, particularly through extended chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning that incorporates mechanisms such as backtracking,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Baohao Liao , Xinyi Chen , Sara Rajaee , Yuhui Xu , Christian Herold , Anders Søgaard , Maarten de Rijke , Christof Monz

Large reasoning models have achieved remarkable performance through extended chain-of-thought sequences, yet this computational freedom leads to excessive token generation even for simple problems. We present Length-Adaptive Policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Xingyu Wu , Yuchen Yan , Shangke Lyu , Linjuan Wu , Yiwen Qiu , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu , Jian Shao , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown that Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning can substantially improve performance on complex reasoning tasks. At the same time, In-Context Learning (ICL) has become an important mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Rui Chu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) often suffer from overthinking, generating verbose reasoning traces that compromise both computational efficiency and interpretability. Unlike prior efforts that rely on global length-based rewards, we propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jialiang Hong , Taihang Zhen , Kai Chen , Jiaheng Liu , Junlan Feng , Wenpeng Zhu , Jing Huo , Yang Gao , Depeng Wang , Haitao Wan , Xi Yang , Boyan Wang , Fanyu Meng , Yuyao Zhang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve strong performance on complex tasks by leveraging long Chain-of-Thought (CoT), but often suffer from overthinking, leading to excessive reasoning steps and high inference latency. Existing CoT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yi Sui , Chaozhuo Li , Dawei Song