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The burgeoning computational demands for training large language models (LLMs) necessitate efficient methods, including quantized training, which leverages low-bit arithmetic operations to reduce costs. While FP8 precision has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jiecheng Zhou , Ding Tang , Rong Fu , Boni Hu , Haoran Xu , Yi Wang , Zhilin Pei , Zhongling Su , Liang Liu , Xingcheng Zhang , Weiming Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown an impressive capability in code generation. The LLM effectiveness generally increases with its size: The higher the number of LLM's trainable parameters the better its ability to implement code.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Alessandro Giagnorio , Antonio Mastropaolo , Saima Afrin , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

Fine-tuning is a crucial process for adapting large language models (LLMs) to diverse applications. In certain scenarios, such as multi-tenant serving, deploying multiple LLMs becomes necessary to meet complex demands. Recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Bowen Ping , Shuo Wang , Hanqing Wang , Xu Han , Yuzhuang Xu , Yukun Yan , Yun Chen , Baobao Chang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) enhances the efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) by enabling faster operation and compatibility with more accessible hardware through reduced memory usage, at the cost of small performance drops. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Davide Paglieri , Saurabh Dash , Tim Rocktäschel , Jack Parker-Holder

Model quantization has become a crucial technique to address the issues of large memory consumption and long inference times associated with LLMs. Mixed-precision quantization, which distinguishes between important and unimportant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yifan Tan , Haoze Wang , Chao Yan , Yangdong Deng

Large language models require significant computational resources for deployment, making quantization essential for practical applications. However, the main obstacle to effective quantization lies in systematic outliers in activations and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Cuong Pham , Hoang Anh Dung , Cuong C. Nguyen , Trung Le , Gustavo Carneiro , Jianfei Cai , Thanh-Toan Do

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown their remarkable capacities in many NLP tasks. However, their substantial size often presents challenges for deployment. This necessitates efficient techniques for model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Robin Baki Davidsson , Pierre Nugues

The LLaMA family, a collection of foundation language models ranging from 7B to 65B parameters, has become one of the most powerful open-source large language models (LLMs) and the popular LLM backbone of multi-modal large language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Wei Huang , Xingyu Zheng , Xudong Ma , Haotong Qin , Chengtao Lv , Hong Chen , Jie Luo , Xiaojuan Qi , Xianglong Liu , Michele Magno

Parameter quantization for Large Language Models (LLMs) has attracted increasing attentions recently in reducing memory costs and improving computational efficiency. Early approaches have been widely adopted. However, the existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Haoyu Wang , Bei Liu , Hang Shao , Bo Xiao , Ke Zeng , Guanglu Wan , Yanmin Qian

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in natural language processing, showcasing exceptional performance across various tasks. However, the expensive memory and computational requirements present significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ruihao Gong , Yifu Ding , Zining Wang , Chengtao Lv , Xingyu Zheng , Jinyang Du , Haotong Qin , Jinyang Guo , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

Multilingual pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) are incredibly effective at Question Answering (QA), a core task in Natural Language Understanding, achieving high accuracies on several multilingual benchmarks. However, little is known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yahan Yang , Soham Dan , Dan Roth , Insup Lee

As the size of large language models (LLMs) continues to grow, model compression without sacrificing accuracy has become a crucial challenge for deployment. While some quantization methods, such as GPTQ, have made progress in achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Liang Li , Qingyuan Li , Bo Zhang , Xiangxiang Chu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are proficient in natural language processing tasks, but their deployment is often restricted by extensive parameter sizes and computational demands. This paper focuses on post-training quantization (PTQ) in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Janghwan Lee , Minsoo Kim , Seungcheol Baek , Seok Joong Hwang , Wonyong Sung , Jungwook Choi

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved outstanding performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks, but their enormous parameter counts impose ubstantial memory and computational overheads. This challenge is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Seoungsub Lee , In Seo Kim , Seon Wook Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as transformative tools in the healthcare sector, demonstrating remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, their proficiency in numerical reasoning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Arjun R. Malghan

For large language models (LLMs), post-training quantization (PTQ) can significantly reduce memory footprint and computational overhead. Model quantization is rapidly evolving. Though many papers report breakthrough results, they are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yutong Liu , Cairong Zhao , Guosheng Hu

Large language models (LLMs) excel in natural language processing but demand intensive computation. To mitigate this, various quantization methods have been explored, yet they compromise LLM performance. This paper unveils a previously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ruikang Liu , Haoli Bai , Haokun Lin , Yuening Li , Han Gao , Zhengzhuo Xu , Lu Hou , Jun Yao , Chun Yuan

Quantization has become one of the most effective methodologies to compress LLMs into smaller size. However, the existing quantization solutions still show limitations of either non-negligible accuracy drop or low system efficiency. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhen Zheng , Xiaonan Song , Chuanjie Liu

Recently years have witnessed a rapid development of large language models (LLMs). Despite the strong ability in many language-understanding tasks, the heavy computational burden largely restricts the application of LLMs especially when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuhui Xu , Lingxi Xie , Xiaotao Gu , Xin Chen , Heng Chang , Hengheng Zhang , Zhengsu Chen , Xiaopeng Zhang , Qi Tian

The inference of Large language models (LLMs) requires immense computation and memory resources. To curtail these costs, quantisation has merged as a promising solution, but existing LLM quantisation mainly focuses on 8-bit. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Cheng Zhang , Jianyi Cheng , Ilia Shumailov , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao