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Memes are graphics and text overlapped so that together they present concepts that become dubious if one of them is absent. It is spread mostly on social media platforms, in the form of jokes, sarcasm, motivating, etc. After the success of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Tariq Habib Afridi , Aftab Alam , Muhammad Numan Khan , Jawad Khan , Young-Koo Lee

Image memes and specifically their widely-known variation image macros, is a special new media type that combines text with images and is used in social media to playfully or subtly express humour, irony, sarcasm and even hate. It is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Christos Koutlis , Manos Schinas , Symeon Papadopoulos

The rapid expansion of memes on social media has highlighted the urgent need for effective approaches to detect harmful content. However, traditional data-driven approaches struggle to detect new memes due to their evolving nature and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ziyan Liu , Chunxiao Fan , Haoran Lou , Yuexin Wu , Kaiwei Deng

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) are increasingly used for tasks where detecting multimodal harmful content is crucial, such as online content moderation. However, real-world harmful content is often camouflaged, relying on nuanced…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Yanhui Li , Qi Zhou , Zhihong Xu , Huizhong Guo , Wenhai Wang , Dongxia Wang

The prevalence of memes on social media has created the need to sentiment analyze their underlying meanings for censoring harmful content. Meme censoring systems by machine learning raise the need for a semi-supervised learning solution to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Pham Thai Hoang Tung , Nguyen Tan Viet , Ngo Tien Anh , Phan Duy Hung

With the rapid rise of social media and Internet culture, memes have become a popular medium for expressing emotional tendencies. This has sparked growing interest in Meme Emotion Understanding (MEU), which aims to classify the emotional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yi Shi , Wenlong Meng , Zhenyuan Guo , Chengkun Wei , Wenzhi Chen

In this work, we examine hateful memes from three complementary angles - how to detect them, how to explain their content and how to intervene them prior to being posted - by applying a range of strategies built on top of generative AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Naquee Rizwan , Subhankar Swain , Paramananda Bhaskar , Gagan Aryan , Shehryaar Shah Khan , Animesh Mukherjee

Women are twice as likely as men to face online harassment due to their gender. Despite recent advances in multimodal content moderation, most approaches still overlook the social dynamics behind this phenomenon, where perpetrators…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Paolo Italiani , David Gimeno-Gomez , Luca Ragazzi , Gianluca Moro , Paolo Rosso

With a surge in the usage of social media postings to express opinions, emotions, and ideologies, there has been a significant shift towards the calibration of social media as a rapid medium of conveying viewpoints and outlooks over the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Mohammad Kashif , Mohammad Zohair , Saquib Ali

While significant progress has been made using machine learning algorithms to detect hate speech, important technical challenges still remain to be solved in order to bring their performance closer to human accuracy. We investigate several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Vlad Sandulescu

Internet memes are a central element of online culture, blending images and text. While substantial research has focused on either the visual or textual components of memes, little attention has been given to their interplay. This gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Aidos Konyspay , Pakizar Shamoi , Malika Ziyada , Zhusup Smambayev

There is a rapid increase in the use of multimedia content in current social media platforms. One of the highly popular forms of such multimedia content are memes. While memes have been primarily invented to promote funny and buoyant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Naquee Rizwan , Paramananda Bhaskar , Mithun Das , Swadhin Satyaprakash Majhi , Punyajoy Saha , Animesh Mukherjee

The recently introduced hateful meme challenge demonstrates the difficulty of determining whether a meme is hateful or not. Specifically, both unimodal language models and multimodal vision-language models cannot reach the human level of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Efrat Blaier , Itzik Malkiel , Lior Wolf

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) face significant safety vulnerabilities from malicious prompt attacks due to weakened alignment during visual integration. Existing defenses suffer from efficiency and robustness. To address these challenges,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Peigui Qi , Kunsheng Tang , Yanpu Yu , Jialin Wu , Yide Song , Wenbo Zhou , Zhicong Huang , Cheng Hong , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Exploiting social media to spread hate has tremendously increased over the years. Lately, multi-modal hateful content such as memes has drawn relatively more traction than uni-modal content. Moreover, the availability of implicit content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Piush Aggarwal , Pranit Chawla , Mithun Das , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Torsten Zesch , Animesh Mukherjee

In recent years, monitoring hate speech and offensive language on social media platforms has become paramount due to its widespread usage among all age groups, races, and ethnicities. Consequently, there have been substantial research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Aneri Rana , Sonali Jha

The proliferation of memes on social media necessitates the capabilities of multimodal Large Language Models (mLLMs) to effectively understand multimodal harmfulness. Existing evaluation approaches predominantly focus on mLLMs' detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zixin Chen , Hongzhan Lin , Kaixin Li , Ziyang Luo , Yayue Deng , Jing Ma

Hateful Meme Challenge proposed by Facebook AI has attracted contestants around the world. The challenge focuses on detecting hateful speech in multimodal memes. Various state-of-the-art deep learning models have been applied to this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Aijing Gao , Bingjun Wang , Jiaqi Yin , Yating Tian

Hateful videos present serious risks to online safety and real-world well-being, necessitating effective detection methods. Although multimodal classification approaches integrating information from several modalities outperform unimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jiangbei Yue , Shuonan Yang , Tailin Chen , Jianbo Jiao , Zeyu Fu

Hate speech online targets individuals or groups based on identity attributes and spreads rapidly, posing serious social risks. Memes, which combine images and text, have emerged as a nuanced vehicle for disseminating hate speech, often…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rui Xing , Qi Chai , Jie Ma , Jing Tao , Pinghui Wang , Shuming Zhang , Xinping Wang , Hao Wang