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Existing methods for graph out-of-distribution (OOD) detection typically depend on training graph neural network (GNN) classifiers using a substantial amount of labeled in-distribution (ID) data. However, acquiring high-quality labeled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Haoyan Xu , Zhengtao Yao , Yushun Dong , Ziyi Wang , Ryan A. Rossi , Mengyuan Li , Yue Zhao

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of machine learning systems, particularly in dynamic and open-world environments. In the vision and text domains, zero-shot OOD detection - which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haoyan Xu , Zhengtao Yao , Xuzhi Zhang , Ziyi Wang , Langzhou He , Yushun Dong , Philip S. Yu , Mengyuan Li , Yue Zhao

Text-attributed graphs, where nodes are enriched with textual attributes, have become a powerful tool for modeling real-world networks such as citation, social, and transaction networks. However, existing methods for learning from these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xiaoxu Ma , Dong Li , Minglai Shao , Xintao Wu , Chen Zhao

Most existing deep learning models are trained based on the closed-world assumption, where the test data is assumed to be drawn i.i.d. from the same distribution as the training data, known as in-distribution (ID). However, when models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Yixin Liu , Kaize Ding , Huan Liu , Shirui Pan

Distinguishing in- and out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is crucial for reliable deployment of classification systems. However, OOD data is typically unavailable or difficult to collect, posing a significant challenge for accurate OOD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Momin Abbas , Muneeza Azmat , Raya Horesh , Mikhail Yurochkin

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential when deploying machine learning models in open-world scenarios. Zero-shot OOD detection, requiring no training on in-distribution (ID) data, has been possible with the advent of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Chentao Cao , Zhun Zhong , Zhanke Zhou , Yang Liu , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Despite graph neural networks' (GNNs) great success in modelling graph-structured data, out-of-distribution (OOD) test instances still pose a great challenge for current GNNs. One of the most effective techniques to detect OOD nodes is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Danny Wang , Ruihong Qiu , Guangdong Bai , Zi Huang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has seen significant advancements with zero-shot approaches by leveraging the powerful Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP. However, prior research works have predominantly focused on enhancing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Pei-Kang Lee , Jun-Cheng Chen , Ja-Ling Wu

Graph-level representation learning is important in a wide range of applications. Existing graph-level models are generally built on i.i.d. assumption for both training and testing graphs. However, in an open world, models can encounter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zhihao Ding , Jieming Shi , Shiqi Shen , Xuequn Shang , Jiannong Cao , Zhipeng Wang , Zhi Gong

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial in real-world machine learning applications, particularly in safety-critical domains. Existing methods often leverage language information from vision-language models (VLMs) to enhance OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Shu Zou , Xinyu Tian , Qinyu Zhao , Zhaoyuan Yang , Jing Zhang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are proven effective in extracting complex node and structural information from graph data. While current GNNs perform well in node classification tasks within in-distribution (ID) settings, real-world scenarios…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Tao Yin , Chen Zhao , Xiaoyan Liu , Minglai Shao

With the progressive advancements in deep graph learning, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection for graph data has emerged as a critical challenge. While the efficacy of auxiliary datasets in enhancing OOD detection has been extensively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Junwei He , Qianqian Xu , Yangbangyan Jiang , Zitai Wang , Yuchen Sun , Qingming Huang

Drug synergy prediction (DSP) aims to identify efficacious drug combinations under various cellular contexts with different targets. However, the continual emergence of novel compounds results in variations in molecular scaffolds and sizes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xin Wang , Linxin Xiao , Yang Yao , Wenwu Zhu

Developing open-set classification methods capable of classifying in-distribution (ID) data while detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential for deploying graph neural networks (GNNs) in open-world scenarios. Existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Xueqi Ma , Xingjun Ma , Sarah Monazam Erfani , Danilo Mandic , James Bailey

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization has emerged as a significant challenge in graph recommender systems. Traditional graph neural network algorithms often fail because they learn spurious environmental correlations instead of stable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jiahao Liang , Haoran Yang , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhiwen Yu , Mianjie Li , Chuan Shi , Kaixiang Yang

Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) is a pivotal task for real-world applications that trains models to identify samples that are distributionally different from the in-distribution (ID) data during testing. Recent advances in AI,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Chaohua Li , Enhao Zhang , Chuanxing Geng , Songcan Chen

Text-attributed graphs (TAGs) associate nodes with textual attributes and graph structure, enabling GNNs to jointly model semantic and structural information. While effective on in-distribution (ID) data, GNNs often encounter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yinlin Zhu , Di Wu , Xu Wang , Guocong Quan , Miao Hu

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task that has garnered significant attention. The emergence of CLIP has spurred extensive research into zero-shot OOD detection, often employing a training-free approach. Current methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Haoran Xu , Yanlin Liu , Zizhao Tong , Jiaze Li , Kexue Fu , Yuyang Zhang , Longxiang Gao , Shuaiguang Li , Xingyu Li , Yanran Xu , Changwei Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task to ensure the reliability and security of machine learning models deployed in real-world applications. Conventional methods for OOD detection that rely on single-modal information,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 K Huang , G Song , Hanwen Su , Jiyan Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for reliable and trustworthy machine learning. Recent multi-modal OOD detection leverages textual information from in-distribution (ID) class names for visual OOD detection, yet it currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Yi Dai , Hao Lang , Kaisheng Zeng , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li
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