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Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous success in various tasks, yet concerns about their safety and security have emerged. In particular, they pose risks of generating harmful content and are vulnerable to jailbreaking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zeming Wei , Chengcan Wu , Meng Sun

Large language model (LLM) services have recently begun offering a plugin ecosystem to interact with third-party API services. This innovation enhances the capabilities of LLMs, but it also introduces risks, as these plugins developed by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Wanru Zhao , Vidit Khazanchi , Haodi Xing , Xuanli He , Qiongkai Xu , Nicholas Donald Lane

Large Language Model-based systems (LLM systems) are information and query processing systems that use LLMs to plan operations from natural-language prompts and feed the output of each successive step into the LLM to plan the next. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Fangzhou Wu , Ethan Cecchetti , Chaowei Xiao

Prompt injection attacks exploit vulnerabilities in large language models (LLMs) to manipulate the model into unintended actions or generate malicious content. As LLM integrated applications gain wider adoption, they face growing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Daniel Wankit Yip , Aysan Esmradi , Chun Fai Chan

Open agentic systems combine LLM-based planning with external capabilities, persistent memory, and privileged execution. They are used in coding assistants, browser copilots, and enterprise automation. OpenClaw is a visible instance of this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Shiping Chen , Qin Wang , Guangsheng Yu , Xu Wang , Liming Zhu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized code intelligence by improving programming productivity and alleviating challenges faced by software developers. To further improve the performance of LLMs on specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yifei Ge , Weisong Sun , Yihang Lou , Chunrong Fang , Yiran Zhang , Yiming Li , Xiaofang Zhang , Yang Liu , Zhihong Zhao , Zhenyu Chen

Multi-agent systems coordinate LLM-based agents to perform tasks on users' behalf. In real-world applications, multi-agent systems will inevitably interact with untrusted inputs, such as malicious Web content, files, email attachments, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Harold Triedman , Rishi Jha , Vitaly Shmatikov

The widespread deployment of large language models (LLMs) across various domains has showcased their immense potential while exposing significant safety vulnerabilities. A major concern is ensuring that LLM-generated content aligns with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Xikang Yang , Xuehai Tang , Jizhong Han , Songlin Hu

Penetration testing is essential to securing modern web infrastructures, yet traditional manual methods struggle to keep pace with their scale and complexity. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer new opportunities for automating these tasks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 William Guanting Li , Alsharif Abuadbba , Kristen Moore , Dan Dongseong Kim

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) on third-party devices requires new ways to protect model intellectual property. While Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) offer a promising solution, their performance limits can lead to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Abhishek Saini , Haolin Jiang , Hang Liu

The offensive security landscape is highly fragmented: enterprise platforms avoid memory-corruption vulnerabilities due to Denial of Service (DoS) risks, Automatic Exploit Generation (AEG) systems suffer from semantic blindness, and Large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Biagio Andreucci , Arcangelo Castiglione

Spurred by the recent rapid increase in the development and distribution of large language models (LLMs) across industry and academia, much recent work has drawn attention to safety- and security-related threats and vulnerabilities of LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Maximilian Mozes , Xuanli He , Bennett Kleinberg , Lewis D. Griffin

Using automated reasoning, code synthesis, and contextual decision-making, we introduce a new threat that exploits large language models (LLMs) to autonomously plan, adapt, and execute the ransomware attack lifecycle. Ransomware 3.0…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Md Raz , Meet Udeshi , P. V. Sai Charan , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Farshad Khorrami , Ramesh Karri

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable of handling diverse tasks with the aid of well-crafted prompts and integration of external tools, but as task complexity rises, the workflow involving LLMs can be complicated and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Honghua Dong , Qidong Su , Yubo Gao , Zhaoyu Li , Yangjun Ruan , Gennady Pekhimenko , Chris J. Maddison , Xujie Si

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed on mobile devices offer benefits like user privacy and reduced network latency, but introduce a significant security risk: the leakage of proprietary models to end users. To mitigate this risk, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Xunjie Wang , Jiacheng Shi , Zihan Zhao , Yang Yu , Zhichao Hua , Jinyu Gu

This paper tackles the problems of generating concrete test cases for testing whether an application is vulnerable to attacks, and of checking whether security solutions are correctly implemented. The approach proposed in the paper aims at…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Sébastien Salva , Loukmen Regainia

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass their safety mechanisms. Existing attack methods are fixed or specifically tailored for certain models and cannot flexibly adjust attack strength, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiting Dong , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are prolonged, stealthy intrusions by skilled adversaries that compromise high-value systems to steal data or disrupt operations. Reconstructing complete attack chains from massive, heterogeneous logs is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rujie Dai , Peizhuo Lv , Yujiang Gui , Qiujian Lv , Yuanyuan Qiao , Yan Wang , Degang Sun , Weiqing Huang , Yingjiu Li , XiaoFeng Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that add malicious tokens to an input prompt to bypass the safety guardrails of an LLM and cause it to produce harmful content. In this work, we introduce erase-and-check,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Aounon Kumar , Chirag Agarwal , Suraj Srinivas , Aaron Jiaxun Li , Soheil Feizi , Himabindu Lakkaraju

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized various applications by providing advanced natural language processing capabilities. However, this innovation introduces new cybersecurity challenges. This paper explores the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Stephen Burabari Tete