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The minimum sum-of-squares clustering (MSSC), or k-means type clustering, is traditionally considered an unsupervised learning task. In recent years, the use of background knowledge to improve the cluster quality and promote…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-26 Veronica Piccialli , Anna Russo Russo , Antonio M. Sudoso

The $k$-means algorithm is often used in clustering applications but its usage requires a complete data matrix. Missing data, however, is common in many applications. Mainstream approaches to clustering missing data reduce the missing data…

Computation · Statistics 2018-06-07 Jocelyn T. Chi , Eric C. Chi , Richard G. Baraniuk

Since its introduction in 1957, Lloyd's algorithm for $k$-means clustering has been extensively studied and has undergone several improvements. While in its original form it does not guarantee any approximation factor at all, Arthur and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Theo Conrads , Lukas Drexler , Joshua Könen , Daniel R. Schmidt , Melanie Schmidt

Cluster analysis methods seek to partition a data set into homogeneous subgroups. It is useful in a wide variety of applications, including document processing and modern genetics. Conventional clustering methods are unsupervised, meaning…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-11 Eric Bair

It has always been a great challenge for clustering algorithms to automatically determine the cluster numbers according to the distribution of datasets. Several approaches have been proposed to address this issue, including the recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-06-14 Xuhui Fan , Yiling Zeng , Longbing Cao

Common clustering algorithms require multiple scans of all the data to achieve convergence, and this is prohibitive when large databases, with data arriving in streams, must be processed. Some algorithms to extend the popular K-means method…

Applications · Statistics 2017-12-22 Giacomo Aletti , Alessandra Micheletti

Clustering is a hard discrete optimization problem. Nonconvex approaches such as low-rank semidefinite programming (SDP) have recently demonstrated promising statistical and local algorithmic guarantees for cluster recovery. Due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Peng Xu , Chun-Ying Hou , Xiaohui Chen , Richard Y. Zhang

Nearest-neighbour clustering is a powerful set of heuristic algorithms that find natural application in the decoding of signals transmitted using the M-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) protocol. Lloyd et al. proposed a quantum…

Distributed data mining techniques and mainly distributed clustering are widely used in the last decade because they deal with very large and heterogeneous datasets which cannot be gathered centrally. Current distributed clustering…

Databases · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Malika Bendechache , M-Tahar Kechadi

Clustering is one of the most fundamental tools in data science and machine learning, and k-means clustering is one of the most common such methods. There is a variety of approximate algorithms for the k-means problem, but computing the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-22 Martin Ryner , Jan Kronqvist , Johan Karlsson

K-means clustering, a classic and widely-used clustering technique, is known to exhibit suboptimal performance when applied to non-linearly separable data. Numerous adjustments and modifications have been proposed to address this issue,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-07 Zhili Qiao , Wangqian Ju , Peng Liu

The k-means++ algorithm due to Arthur and Vassilvitskii has become the most popular seeding method for Lloyd's algorithm. It samples the first center uniformly at random from the data set and the other $k-1$ centers iteratively according to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Anup Bhattacharya , Jan Eube , Heiko Röglin , Melanie Schmidt

This paper investigates the validity of Kleinberg's axioms for clustering functions with respect to the quite popular clustering algorithm called $k$-means. While Kleinberg's axioms have been discussed heavily in the past, we concentrate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Robert Kłopotek , Mieczysław Kłopotek

We propose the Lasso Weighted $k$-means ($LW$-$k$-means) algorithm as a simple yet efficient sparse clustering procedure for high-dimensional data where the number of features ($p$) can be much larger compared to the number of observations…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-26 Saptarshi Chakraborty , Swagatam Das

Clustering large amount of data is becoming increasingly important in the current times. Due to the large sizes of data, clustering algorithm often take too much time. Sampling this data before clustering is commonly used to reduce this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Seemandhar Jain , Aditya A. Shastri , Kapil Ahuja , Yann Busnel , Navneet Pratap Singh

Effectively applying the K-means algorithm to clustering tasks with incomplete features remains an important research area due to its impact on real-world applications. Recent work has shown that unifying K-means clustering and imputation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Lovis Kwasi Armah , Igor Melnykov

Clustering and estimating cluster means are core problems in statistics and machine learning, with k-means and Expectation Maximization (EM) being two widely used algorithms. In this work, we provide a theoretical explanation for the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-19 David Silva-Sánchez , Roy R. Lederman

The k-means++ seeding algorithm is one of the most popular algorithms that is used for finding the initial $k$ centers when using the k-means heuristic. The algorithm is a simple sampling procedure and can be described as follows: Pick the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-01-15 Anup Bhattacharya , Ragesh Jaiswal , Nir Ailon

K-means is a classical clustering algorithm with wide applications. However, soft K-means, or fuzzy c-means at m=1, remains unsolved since 1981. To address this challenging open problem, we propose a novel clustering model, i.e.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Yujian Li , Bowen Liu , Zhaoying Liu , Ting Zhang

The $k$-Means clustering problem on $n$ points is NP-Hard for any dimension $d\ge 2$, however, for the 1D case there exists exact polynomial time algorithms. Previous literature reported an $O(kn^2)$ time dynamic programming algorithm that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-26 Allan Grønlund , Kasper Green Larsen , Alexander Mathiasen , Jesper Sindahl Nielsen , Stefan Schneider , Mingzhou Song