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In the realm of deep learning, transformers have emerged as a dominant architecture, particularly in natural language processing tasks. However, with their widespread adoption, concerns regarding the security and privacy of the data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yichuan Deng , Zhao Song , Shenghao Xie , Chiwun Yang

Transformers based on the attention mechanism have achieved impressive success in various areas. However, the attention mechanism has a quadratic complexity, significantly impeding Transformers from dealing with numerous tokens and scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Haixu Wu , Jialong Wu , Jiehui Xu , Jianmin Wang , Mingsheng Long

Quantization is the key method for reducing inference latency, power and memory footprint of generative AI models. However, accuracy often degrades sharply when activations are quantized below eight bits. Recent work suggests that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Marco Federici , Riccardo Del Chiaro , Boris van Breugel , Paul Whatmough , Markus Nagel

To overcome the quadratic cost of self-attention, recent works have proposed various sparse attention modules, most of which fall under one of two groups: 1) sparse attention under a hand-crafted patterns and 2) full attention followed by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Sungjun Cho , Seonwoo Min , Jinwoo Kim , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Seunghoon Hong

We present the Condensate Theorem: attention sparsity is a learned topological property, not an architectural constraint. Through empirical analysis of trained language models, we find that attention mass concentrates on a distinct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jorge L. Ruiz Williams

We study the tradeoff between computational effort and classification accuracy in a cascade of deep neural networks. During inference, the user sets the acceptable accuracy degradation which then automatically determines confidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Konstantin Berestizshevsky , Guy Even

Attention mechanisms are central to the success of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to capture intricate token dependencies and implicitly assign importance to each token. Recent studies have revealed the sink token, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Seungjun Shin , Jaehoon Oh , Dokwan Oh

We consider the minimization of non-convex functions that typically arise in machine learning. Specifically, we focus our attention on a variant of trust region methods known as cubic regularization. This approach is particularly attractive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Jonas Moritz Kohler , Aurelien Lucchi

While Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) demonstrate exceptional multi-modal capabilities, the quadratic computational cost of processing high-resolution visual tokens remains a critical bottleneck. Though recent token reduction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Surendra Pathak , Bo Han

Self-attention has become a defacto choice for capturing global context in various vision applications. However, its quadratic computational complexity with respect to image resolution limits its use in real-time applications, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Abdelrahman Shaker , Muhammad Maaz , Hanoona Rasheed , Salman Khan , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

The original softmax-based attention mechanism (regular attention) in the extremely successful Transformer architecture computes attention between $N$ tokens, each embedded in a $D$-dimensional head, with a time complexity of $O(N^2D)$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Armin Gerami , Ramani Duraiswami

We present a novel local Lipschitz bound for self-attention blocks of transformers. This bound is based on a refined closed-form expression for the spectral norm of the softmax function. The resulting bound is not only more accurate than in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Nikolay Yudin , Alexander Gaponov , Sergei Kudriashov , Maxim Rakhuba

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown immense potential in enhancing various aspects of our daily lives, from conversational AI to search and AI assistants. However, their growing capabilities come at the cost of extremely large model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Yingyu Liang , Jiangxuan Long , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Yufa Zhou

Linear attention has attracted interest as a computationally efficient approximation to softmax attention, especially for long sequences. Recent studies have explored distilling softmax attention in pre-trained Transformers into linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Naoki Nishikawa , Rei Higuchi , Taiji Suzuki

Transformers are state-of-the-art models for a variety of sequence modeling tasks. At their core is an attention function which models pairwise interactions between the inputs at every timestep. While attention is powerful, it does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Hao Peng , Nikolaos Pappas , Dani Yogatama , Roy Schwartz , Noah A. Smith , Lingpeng Kong

Graph transformers achieve strong results on molecular and long-range reasoning tasks, yet remain hampered by over-smoothing (the progressive collapse of node representations with depth) and attention entropy degeneration. We observe that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu

Standard attention-based transformers are known to exhibit instability under learning rate overspecification during training, particularly at high learning rates. While various methods have been proposed to improve resilience to such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Shyam Venkatasubramanian , Sean Moushegian , Michael Lin , Mir Park , Ankit Singhal , Connor Lee

When incrementally trained on new classes, deep neural networks are subject to catastrophic forgetting which leads to an extreme deterioration of their performance on the old classes while learning the new ones. Using a small memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Quentin Jodelet , Xin Liu , Tsuyoshi Murata

Data-free quantization aims to achieve model quantization without accessing any authentic sample. It is significant in an application-oriented context involving data privacy. Converting noise vectors into synthetic samples through a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Jixing Li , Xiaozhou Guo , Benzhe Dai , Guoliang Gong , Min Jin , Gang Chen , Wenyu Mao , Huaxiang Lu

At the core of the Transformer, the softmax normalizes the attention matrix to be right stochastic. Previous research has shown that this often de-stabilizes training and that enforcing the attention matrix to be doubly stochastic (through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jannis Born , Filip Skogh , Kahn Rhrissorrakrai , Filippo Utro , Nico Wagner , Aleksandros Sobczyk