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Quantum computers can efficiently simulate the dynamics of quantum systems. In this paper, we study the cost of digitally simulating the dynamics of several physically relevant systems using the first-order product formula algorithm. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-05 Minh C. Tran , Su-Kuan Chu , Yuan Su , Andrew M. Childs , Alexey V. Gorshkov

Simulation of continuous time evolution requires time discretization on both classical and quantum computers. A finer time step improves simulation precision, but it inevitably leads to increased computational efforts. This is particularly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-16 Hongzheng Zhao , Marin Bukov , Markus Heyl , Roderich Moessner

We provide practical simulation methods for scalar field theories on a quantum computer that yield improved asymptotics as well as concrete gate estimates for the simulation and physical qubit estimates using the surface code. We achieve…

Quantum simulation is one of the most promising scientific applications of quantum computers. Due to decoherence and noise in current devices, it is however challenging to perform digital quantum simulation in a regime that is intractable…

One of the premier utilities of present day noisy quantum computers is simulation of many-body quantum systems. We study how long in time is such a discrete-time simulation representative of a continuous time Hamiltonian evolution, namely,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Marko Znidaric

Digital quantum simulation has broad applications in approximating unitary evolution of Hamiltonians. In practice, many simulation tasks for quantum systems focus on quantum states in the low-energy subspace instead of the entire Hilbert…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Weiyuan Gong , Shuo Zhou , Tongyang Li

As first proposed for the adiabatic quantum information processing by Wu, Byrd and Lidar [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 057904 (2002)], the Trotterization technique is a very useful tool for universal quantum computing, and in particular, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-05 Yin Sun , Jun-Yi Zhang , Mark S. Byrd , Lian-Ao Wu

The Lie-Trotter formula, together with its higher-order generalizations, provides a direct approach to decomposing the exponential of a sum of operators. Despite significant effort, the error scaling of such product formulas remains poorly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-05 Andrew M. Childs , Yuan Su , Minh C. Tran , Nathan Wiebe , Shuchen Zhu

Quantum computation with Trotter product formulae is straightforward and requires little overhead in terms of logical qubits. The choice of the orbital basis significantly affects circuit depth, with localised orbitals yielding lowest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Marvin Kronenberger , Mihael Erakovic , Markus Reiher

We investigate the sampling efficiency for the simulations of quantum many-body systems at finite temperatures when initial sampling states are generated by applying Trotter gates to random phase product states (RPPSs). We restrict the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-31 Shimpei Goto , Ryui Kaneko , Ippei Danshita

In analog and digital simulations of practically relevant quantum systems, the target dynamics can only be implemented approximately. The Trotter product formula is the most common approximation scheme as it is a generic method which allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Alexander Hahn , Paul Hartung , Daniel Burgarth , Paolo Facchi , Kazuya Yuasa

Digital quantum simulation relies on Trotterization to discretize time evolution into elementary quantum gates. On current quantum processors with notable gate imperfections, there is a critical tradeoff between improved accuracy for finer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-09 Hongzheng Zhao , Marin Bukov , Markus Heyl , Roderich Moessner

Quantum simulation is a promising way toward practical quantum advantage, but noise in current quantum hardware poses a significant obstacle. We prove that not only the physical error but also the algorithmic error in a single Trotter step…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Jue Xu , Chu Zhao , Junyu Fan , Qi Zhao

Digital quantum computers are potentially an ideal platform for simulating open quantum many-body systems beyond the digital classical computers. Many studies have focused on obtaining the ground state by simulating time dynamics or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-29 Minjae Jo , Myungshik Kim

Quantum phase estimation requires simulating the evolution of the Hamiltonian, for which product formulas are attractive due to their smaller qubit cost and ease of implementation. However, the estimation of the error incurred by product…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Kasra Hejazi , Jay Soni , Modjtaba Shokrian Zini , Juan Miguel Arrazola

The Fermi-Hubbard model is a fundamental model in condensed matter physics that describes strongly correlated electrons. On the other hand, quantum computers are emerging as powerful tools for exploring the complex dynamics of these quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Talal Ahmed Chowdhury , Vladimir Korepin , Vincent R. Pascuzzi , Kwangmin Yu

Although the simulation of quantum chemistry is one of the most anticipated applications of quantum computing, the scaling of known upper bounds on the complexity of these algorithms is daunting. Prior work has bounded errors due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-05 Ryan Babbush , Jarrod McClean , Dave Wecker , Alán Aspuru-Guzik , Nathan Wiebe

Quantum dynamics can be simulated on a quantum computer by exponentiating elementary terms from the Hamiltonian in a sequential manner. However, such an implementation of Trotter steps has gate complexity depending on the total Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-15 Guang Hao Low , Yuan Su , Yu Tong , Minh C. Tran

We study universal aspects of thermalization induced by Trotterization, a procedure routinely used in gate-based quantum computation. We use the reduced-BCS model -- quantum integrable with a classically integrable mean-field limit -- where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Aniket Patra , Emil A. Yuzbashyan , Boris L. Altshuler , Sergej Flach

Quantum simulation is a promising application for quantum computing. Quantum simulation algorithms may require the ability to control the time evolution unitary. Naive techniques to control a unitary can substantially increase the required…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-19 William A. Simon , Peter J. Love