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This paper proposes an efficient implementation of the Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) trajectory filter. The proposed implementation performs track-oriented N-scan pruning to limit complexity, and uses dual decomposition to solve…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-11-30 Yuxuan Xia , Karl Granström , Lennart Svensson , Ángel F. García-Fernández

We propose a scalable track-before-detect (TBD) tracking method based on a Poisson/multi-Bernoulli model. To limit computational complexity, we approximate the exact multi-Bernoulli mixture posterior probability density function (pdf) by a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-06 Thomas Kropfreiter , Jason L. Williams , Florian Meyer

This paper presents a Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) conjugate prior for multiple extended object filtering. A Poisson point process is used to describe the existence of yet undetected targets, while a multi-Bernoulli mixture…

Computation · Statistics 2019-12-09 Karl Granstrom , Maryam Fatemi , Lennart Svensson

This paper uses multi-object tracking methods known from the radar tracking community to address the problem of pedestrian tracking using 2D bounding box detections. The standard point-object (SPO) model is adopted, and the posterior…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-29 Jan Krejčí , Oliver Kost , Yuxuan Xia , Lennart Svensson , Ondřej Straka

In this paper, we propose a Poisson multi-Bernoulli (PMB) filter for extended object tracking (EOT), which directly estimates the set of object trajectories, using belief propagation (BP). The proposed filter propagates a PMB density on the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-20 Yuxuan Xia , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Florian Meyer , Jason L. Williams , Karl Granström , Lennart Svensson

The Poisson Multi-Bernoulli Mixture (PMBM) density is a conjugate multi-target density for the standard point target model with Poisson point process birth. This means that both the filtering and predicted densities for the set of targets…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-17 Karl Granström , Lennart Svensson , Yuxuan Xia , Jason Williams , Ángel F. García-Fernández

Most multi-target tracking filters assume that one target and its observation follow a Hidden Markov Chain (HMC) model, but the implicit independence assumption of HMC model is invalid in many practical applications, and a Pairwise Markov…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-11-30 Jiangyi Liu , Chunping Wang , Wei Wang

In many multiobject tracking applications, including radar and sonar tracking, after prefiltering the received signal, measurement data is typically structured in cells. The cells, e.g., represent different range and bearing values.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-04 Thomas Kropfreiter , Jason L. Williams , Florian Meyer

In this paper, we propose two methods for tracking multiple extended targets or unresolved group targets with elliptical extent shape. These two methods are deduced from the famous Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter and the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Yuanhao Cheng , Yunhe Cao , Tat-Soon Yeo , Fu Jie , Wei Zhang

This paper considers multiple extended object tracking based on Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) filtering, which gives the closed-form Bayesian solution for standard multiple extended object models with Poisson birth. To efficiently…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-28 Yuxuan Xia , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Lennart Svensson

This paper proposes a Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) filter on the space of sets of tree trajectories for multiple target tracking with spawning targets. A tree trajectory contains all trajectory information of a target and its…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-04 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Lennart Svensson

This letter presents a versatile trajectory planning pipeline for aerial tracking. The proposed tracker is capable of handling various chasing settings such as complex unstructured environments, crowded dynamic obstacles and multiple-target…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Yunwoo Lee , Jungwon Park , Boseong Jeon , Seungwoo Jung , H. Jin Kim

The Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) algorithm is known to produce good results in difficult multi-target tracking situations. However, its implementation is not trivial, and is associated with a significant programming effort, code size…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-06-14 David Miguel Antunes , David Martins de Matos , José Gaspar

Bayesian inference in hidden Markov models (HMMs) can be challenging due to the presence of multimodality in the likelihood function, and consequently in the joint posterior distribution, even after correcting for label switching. The…

Applications · Statistics 2026-05-01 Marco A. Gallegos-Herrada , Vianey Leos-Barajas , Jeffrey S. Rosenthal

Accurately tracking an unknown and time-varying number of objects in complex environments is a significant challenge but a fundamental capability in a variety of applications, including applied ocean sciences, surveillance, autonomous…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Mingchao Liang , Florian Meyer

Targets that generate multiple measurements at a given instant in time are commonly known as extended targets. These present a challenge for many tracking algorithms, as they violate one of the key assumptions of the standard measurement…

Computation · Statistics 2016-04-20 Michael Beard , Stephan Reuter , Karl Granström , Ba-Tuong Vo , Ba-Ngu Vo , Alexander Scheel

When tracking a large number of targets, it is often computationally expensive to represent the full joint distribution over target states. In cases where the targets move independently, each target can instead be tracked with a separate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Hedvig Sidenbladh

In multi-object tracking one may encounter situations were at any time step the number of possible hypotheses is too large to generate exhaustively. These situations generally occur when there are multiple ambiguous measurement returns that…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-03-25 W. Faber , S. Chakravorty , Islam I. Hussein

Tracking multiple particles in noisy and cluttered scenes remains challenging due to a combinatorial explosion of trajectory hypotheses, which scales super-exponentially with the number of particles and frames. The transformer architecture…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-12 Piyush Mishra , Philippe Roudot

Aiming to address the fast multi-object tracking for dense small object in the cluster background, we review track orientated multi-hypothesis tracking(TOMHT) with consideration of batch optimization. Employing autocorrelation based motion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Longtao Chen , Jing Lou , Wei Zhu , Qingyuan Xia , Mingwu Ren