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For an AI system to be reliable, the confidence it expresses in its decisions must match its accuracy. To assess the degree of match, examples are typically binned by confidence and the per-bin mean confidence and accuracy are compared.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Rebecca Roelofs , Nicholas Cain , Jonathon Shlens , Michael C. Mozer

The rapid adoption of complex Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) models has led to their characterization as black boxes due to the difficulty of explaining their internal decision-making processes. This lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Silvia Ruiz-España , Laura Arnal , François Signol , Juan-Carlos Perez-Cortes , Joaquim Arlandis

Uncertainty calibration is essential for the safe deployment of large language models (LLMs), particularly when users rely on verbalized confidence estimates. While prior work has focused on classifiers or short-form generation, confidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chaeyun Jang , Moonseok Choi , Yegon Kim , Hyungi Lee , Juho Lee

Confidence calibration is central to providing accurate and interpretable uncertainty estimates, especially under safety-critical scenarios. However, we find that existing calibration algorithms often overlook the issue of *proximity bias*,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Miao Xiong , Ailin Deng , Pang Wei Koh , Jiaying Wu , Shen Li , Jianqing Xu , Bryan Hooi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks in various domains. Despite their impressive performance, they can be unreliable due to factual errors in their generations. Assessing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Jiahui Geng , Fengyu Cai , Yuxia Wang , Heinz Koeppl , Preslav Nakov , Iryna Gurevych

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science as scalable measurement tools for converting unstructured text into variables that can enter standard empirical designs. Measurement validity demands more than high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jinyuan Wang , Ningyuan Deng , Yi Yang

In the context of Visual Question Answering (VQA) and Agentic AI, calibration refers to how closely an AI system's confidence in its answers reflects their actual correctness. This aspect becomes especially important when such systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Ayush Pandey , Jai Bardhan , Ishita Jain , Ramya S Hebbalaguppe , Rohan Raju Dhanakshirur , Lovekesh Vig

Confidence calibration of classification models is a technique to estimate the true posterior probability of the predicted class, which is critical for ensuring reliable decision-making in practical applications. Existing confidence…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-19 Jinzong Dong , Zhaohui Jiang , Dong Pan , Haoyang Yu

In robotics, simulation has the potential to reduce design time and costs, and lead to a more robust engineered solution and a safer development process. However, the use of simulators is predicated on the availability of good models. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Huzaifa Mustafa Unjhawala , Ruochun Zhang , Wei Hu , Jinlong Wu , Radu Serban , Dan Negrut

Machine unlearning aims to remove the influence of specific training data from a model while preserving reliable behavior on the remaining data, making reliable prediction and uncertainty estimation essential for evaluation. Calibration is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Divyaksh Shukla , Ashutosh Modi

A trustworthy real-world prediction system should produce well-calibrated confidence scores; that is, its confidence in an answer should be indicative of the likelihood that the answer is correct, enabling deferral to an expert in cases of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Katherine Tian , Eric Mitchell , Allan Zhou , Archit Sharma , Rafael Rafailov , Huaxiu Yao , Chelsea Finn , Christopher D. Manning

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a development approach aiming to build correct-by-construction systems, provided the use of clear, unambiguous and complete models to describe them along the design process. The approach is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-22 I Dragomir , M Bozga , Iulian Ober , D Silveira , T Jorge , E Alaña , M Perrotin

Computer simulators can be computationally intensive to run over a large number of input values, as required for optimization and various uncertainty quantification tasks. The standard paradigm for the design and analysis of computer…

Computation · Statistics 2015-09-11 Joakim Beck , Serge Guillas

In today's AI-assisted software engineering landscape, developers increasingly depend on LLMs that are highly capable, yet inherently imperfect. The tendency of these models to produce incorrect outputs can reduce developer productivity. To…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Hong Yi Lin , Chunhua Liu , Haoyu Gao , Patanamon Thongtanunam , Christoph Treude

Empowering large language models to accurately express confidence in their answers is essential for trustworthy decision-making. Previous confidence elicitation methods, which primarily rely on white-box access to internal model information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Miao Xiong , Zhiyuan Hu , Xinyang Lu , Yifei Li , Jie Fu , Junxian He , Bryan Hooi

Major cloud providers have employed advanced AI-based solutions like large language models to aid humans in identifying the root causes of cloud incidents. Despite the growing prevalence of AI-driven assistants in the root cause analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Dylan Zhang , Xuchao Zhang , Chetan Bansal , Pedro Las-Casas , Rodrigo Fonseca , Saravan Rajmohan

Providing well-calibrated AI confidence can help promote users' appropriate trust in and reliance on AI, which are essential for AI-assisted decision-making. However, calibrating AI confidence -- providing confidence score that accurately…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jingshu Li , Yitian Yang , Renwen Zhang , Q. Vera Liao , Tianqi Song , Zhengtao Xu , Yi-chieh Lee

Classifier calibration has received recent attention from the machine learning community due both to its practical utility in facilitating decision making, as well as the observation that modern neural network classifiers are poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 John Kirchenbauer , Jacob Oaks , Eric Heim

Machine learning models are typically deployed in a test setting that differs from the training setting, potentially leading to decreased model performance because of domain shift. If we could estimate the performance that a pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Zeju Li , Konstantinos Kamnitsas , Mobarakol Islam , Chen Chen , Ben Glocker

Every uncalibrated classifier has a corresponding true calibration map that calibrates its confidence. Deviations of this idealistic map from the identity map reveal miscalibration. Such calibration errors can be reduced with many post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Markus Kängsepp , Kaspar Valk , Meelis Kull