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This position paper argues that securing LLM agents requires first defining an end-to-end correctness property that specifies when an agent's execution faithfully reflects the user's intent. Modern LLM agents operate over an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wenjie Qu , Ming Xu , Peiran Wang , Shengfang Zhai , Jiaheng Zhang , Dawn Song

Tool-Based Agent Systems (TBAS) allow Language Models (LMs) to use external tools for tasks beyond their standalone capabilities, such as searching websites, booking flights, or making financial transactions. However, these tools greatly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Peter Yong Zhong , Siyuan Chen , Ruiqi Wang , McKenna McCall , Ben L. Titzer , Heather Miller , Phillip B. Gibbons

Prompt injection attacks, where untrusted data contains an injected prompt to manipulate the system, have been listed as the top security threat to LLM-integrated applications. Model-level prompt injection defenses have shown strong…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Sizhe Chen , Arman Zharmagambetov , David Wagner , Chuan Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in agentic systems that interact with an untrusted environment. However, LLM agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks when handling untrusted data. In this paper we propose…

LLM-powered applications routinely embed secrets in system prompts, yet models can be tricked into revealing them. We built an adaptive attacker that evolves its strategies over hundreds of rounds and tested it against nine defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Priyal Deep , Shane Emmons , Amy Fox , Kyle Bacon , Kelley McAllister , Peter Ortiz , Krisztian Flautner

The safety and robustness of large language models (LLMs) based applications remain critical challenges in artificial intelligence. Among the key threats to these applications are prompt hacking attacks, which can significantly undermine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Baha Rababah , Shang , Wu , Matthew Kwiatkowski , Carson Leung , Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora

AI agents, predominantly powered by large language models (LLMs), are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection, in which malicious instructions embedded in untrusted data can trigger dangerous agent actions. This position paper discusses our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chong Xiang , Drew Zagieboylo , Shaona Ghosh , Sanjay Kariyappa , Kai Greshake , Hanshen Xiao , Chaowei Xiao , G. Edward Suh

Enabling large language models (LLMs) to solve complex reasoning tasks is a key step toward artificial general intelligence. Recent work augments LLMs with external tools to enable agentic reasoning, achieving high utility and efficiency in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Qi Li , Xinchao Wang

Agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in a wide range of complex, real-world applications. However, LLM agents with a compromised memory bank may easily produce harmful outputs when the past…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Shen Dong , Shaochen Xu , Pengfei He , Yige Li , Jiliang Tang , Tianming Liu , Hui Liu , Zhen Xiang

Recently, Large Language Model (LLM)-empowered recommender systems (RecSys) have brought significant advances in personalized user experience and have attracted considerable attention. Despite the impressive progress, the research question…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Liang-bo Ning , Shijie Wang , Wenqi Fan , Qing Li , Xin Xu , Hao Chen , Feiran Huang

Most LLM safety work studies single-agent models, but many real applications rely on multiple interacting agents. In these systems, prompt segmentation and inter-agent routing create attack surfaces that single-agent evaluations miss. We…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nokimul Hasan Arif , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng

Goal hijacking is a type of adversarial attack on Large Language Models (LLMs) where the objective is to manipulate the model into producing a specific, predetermined output, regardless of the user's original input. In goal hijacking, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zheng Chen , Buhui Yao

Defenses against indirect prompt injection (IPI) in tool-using LLM agents share two structural weaknesses. First, they all attempt to prevent attacks rather than detect the compromises that slip through. Second, they have only been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yassin H. Rassul , Tarik A. Rashid

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, enabling their widespread adoption across various domains. However, their susceptibility to prompt injection attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Jinsheng Pan , Xiaogeng Liu , Chaowei Xiao

Large language models increasingly operate as autonomous agents that select and invoke tools from large registries. We identify a critical gap: when unauthorized tools are visible in an agent's context, models select them in adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Rohith Uppala

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into a wide range of applications has highlighted the critical role of well-crafted system prompts, which require extensive testing and domain expertise. These prompts enhance task performance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zhixiong Zhuang , Maria-Irina Nicolae , Hui-Po Wang , Mario Fritz

The emergence of multimodal large language models has redefined the agent paradigm by integrating language and vision modalities with external data sources, enabling agents to better interpret human instructions and execute increasingly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Le Wang , Zonghao Ying , Tianyuan Zhang , Siyuan Liang , Shengshan Hu , Mingchuan Zhang , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

Indirect prompt injection attacks threaten AI agents that execute consequential actions, motivating deterministic system-level defenses. Such defenses can provably block unsafe actions by enforcing confidentiality and integrity policies,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Aashish Kolluri , Rishi Sharma , Manuel Costa , Boris Köpf , Tobias Nießen , Mark Russinovich , Shruti Tople , Santiago Zanella-Béguelin

The proliferation of autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized popular business applications dealing with tabular data, i.e., tabular agents. Although LLMs are observed to be vulnerable against prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yang Feng , Xudong Pan

The proliferation of agentic AI coding assistants, including Claude Code, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, and emerging skill-based architectures, has fundamentally transformed software development workflows. These systems leverage Large Language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Narek Maloyan , Dmitry Namiot
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