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Context: Application Programming Interface (API) code examples are an essential knowledge resource for learning APIs. However, a few user studies have explored how the structural characteristics of the source code in code examples impact…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Seham Alharbi , Dimitris Kolovos

This paper investigates the factors influencing programmers' adoption of AI-generated JavaScript code recommendations within the context of lightweight, function-level programming tasks. It extends prior research by (1) utilizing objective…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Changwen Li , Christoph Treude , Ofir Turel

As an integral part of source code files, code comments help improve program readability and comprehension. However, developers sometimes do not comment on their program code adequately due to the incurred extra efforts, lack of relevant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Xiaotao Song , Hailong Sun , Xu Wang , Jiafei Yan

Millions of users prompt large language models (LLMs) for various tasks, but how good are people at prompt engineering? Do users actually get closer to their desired outcome over multiple iterations of their prompts? These questions are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zeyu He , Saniya Naphade , Ting-Hao 'Kenneth' Huang

NLP benchmarks rely on standardized datasets for training and evaluating models and are crucial for advancing the field. Traditionally, expert annotations ensure high-quality labels; however, the cost of expert annotation does not scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Omer Nahum , Nitay Calderon , Orgad Keller , Idan Szpektor , Roi Reichart

We present a new perspective on the popular multi-class algorithmic techniques of one-vs-all and error correcting output codes. Rather than studying the behavior of these techniques for supervised learning, we establish a connection between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-28 Maria Florina Balcan , Travis Dick , Yishay Mansour

Neural models have achieved great success on machine reading comprehension (MRC), many of which typically consist of two components: an evidence extractor and an answer predictor. The former seeks the most relevant information from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Yilin Niu , Fangkai Jiao , Mantong Zhou , Ting Yao , Jingfang Xu , Minlie Huang

Code style is an aesthetic choice exhibited in source code that reflects programmers individual coding habits. This study is the first to investigate whether code style can be used as an indicator to identify good programmers. Data from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Rafed Muhammad Yasir , Ahmedul Kabir

With the rise of machine learning, there is a great deal of interest in treating programs as data to be fed to learning algorithms. However, programs do not start off in a form that is immediately amenable to most off-the-shelf learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Jordan Henkel , Shuvendu K. Lahiri , Ben Liblit , Thomas Reps

The code intelligence (CI) models are often black-box and do not offer any insights on the input features that they learn for making correct predictions. This opacity may lead to distrust in their prediction and hamper their wider adoption…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Md Rafiqul Islam Rabin

AI code generators like OpenAI Codex have the potential to assist novice programmers by generating code from natural language descriptions, however, over-reliance might negatively impact learning and retention. To explore the implications…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Majeed Kazemitabaar , Justin Chow , Carl Ka To Ma , Barbara J. Ericson , David Weintrop , Tovi Grossman

A promising research direction in enabling LLMs to generate consistently correct code involves addressing their inability to properly estimate program execution, particularly for code they generate. In this work, we demonstrate that Code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Gallil Maimon , Ori Yoran , Felix Kreuk , Michael Hassid , Gal Cohen , Pierre Chambon , Yossi Adi

Despite rapid advances in the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), they continue to struggle with following relatively simple and unambiguous instructions, particularly when compositional structure is involved. Recent work suggests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Prince Kumar , Rudra Murthy , Riyaz Bhat , Danish Contractor

Improvements in the performance of computing systems, driven by Moore's Law, have transformed society. As such hardware-driven gains slow down, it becomes even more important for software developers to focus on performance and efficiency…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Binghong Chen , Daniel Tarlow , Kevin Swersky , Martin Maas , Pablo Heiber , Ashish Naik , Milad Hashemi , Parthasarathy Ranganathan

Semi-supervised learning is a powerful technique for leveraging unlabeled data to improve machine learning models, but it can be affected by the presence of ``informative'' labels, which occur when some classes are more likely to be labeled…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-16 Aude Sportisse , Hugo Schmutz , Olivier Humbert , Charles Bouveyron , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

In essence, embedding algorithms work by optimizing the distance between a word and its usual context in order to generate an embedding space that encodes the distributional representation of words. In addition to single words or word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Andres Garcia-Silva , Ronald Denaux , Jose Manuel Gomez-Perez

While semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms provide an efficient way to make use of both labelled and unlabelled data, they generally struggle when the number of annotated samples is very small. In this work, we consider the problem of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Sylvestre-Alvise Rebuffi , Sebastien Ehrhardt , Kai Han , Andrea Vedaldi , Andrew Zisserman

Despite great advances in program synthesis techniques, they remain algorithmic black boxes. Although they guarantee that when synthesis is successful, the implementation satisfies the specification, they provide no additional information…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Amirmohammad Nazari , Souti Chattopadhyay , Swabha Swayamdipta , Mukund Raghothaman

The paradigm of data programming, which uses weak supervision in the form of rules/labelling functions, and semi-supervised learning, which augments small amounts of labelled data with a large unlabelled dataset, have shown great promise in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ayush Maheshwari , Oishik Chatterjee , KrishnaTeja Killamsetty , Ganesh Ramakrishnan , Rishabh Iyer

Reducing the amount of labels required to train convolutional neural networks without performance degradation is key to effectively reduce human annotation efforts. We propose Reliable Label Bootstrapping (ReLaB), an unsupervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Paul Albert , Diego Ortego , Eric Arazo , Noel E. O'Connor , Kevin McGuinness