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Weather forecasting remains a crucial yet challenging domain, where recently developed models based on deep learning (DL) have approached the performance of traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. However, these DL models,…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-02-13 Zhanxiang Hua , Yutong He , Chengqian Ma , Alexandra Anderson-Frey

Estimating background-error covariances remains a core challenge in variational data assimilation (DA). Operational systems typically approximate these covariances by transformations that separate geostrophically balanced components from…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Boštjan Melinc , Uroš Perkan , Žiga Zaplotnik

Data assimilation (DA) is a fundamental component of modern weather prediction, yet it remains a major computational bottleneck in machine learning (ML)-based forecasting pipelines due to reliance on traditional variational methods. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Ran Cheng , Lailai Zhu

Urban wind flow reconstruction is essential for assessing air quality, heat dispersion, and pedestrian comfort, yet remains challenging when only sparse sensor data are available. We propose GenDA, a generative data assimilation framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Francisco Giral , Álvaro Manzano , Ignacio Gómez , Ricardo Vinuesa , Soledad Le Clainche

Weather prediction is a critical task for human society, where impressive progress has been made by training artificial intelligence weather prediction (AIWP) methods with reanalysis data. However, reliance on reanalysis data limits the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Junchao Gong , Jingyi Xu , Ben Fei , Fenghua Ling , Wenlong Zhang , Kun Chen , Wanghan Xu , Weidong Yang , Xiaokang Yang , Lei Bai

In recent years, the convergence of data-driven machine learning models with Data Assimilation (DA) offers a promising avenue for enhancing weather forecasting. This study delves into this emerging trend, presenting our methodologies and…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-01-17 Wenqi Wang , Jacob Bieker , Rossella Arcucci , César Quilodrán-Casas

Data Assimilation is a cornerstone of atmospheric system modeling, tasked with reconstructing system states by integrating sparse, noisy observations with prior estimation. While traditional approaches like variational and ensemble Kalman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hao Wang , Zixuan Weng , Jindong Han , Wei Fan , Hao Liu

Robust integration of physical knowledge and data is key to improve computational simulations, such as Earth system models. Data assimilation is crucial for achieving this goal because it provides a systematic framework to calibrate model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Yongquan Qu , Juan Nathaniel , Shuolin Li , Pierre Gentine

Analyzing the validity and success of a data assimilation algorithm when some state variable observations are not available is an important problem in meteorology and engineering. We present an improved data assimilation algorithm for…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2016-08-18 Aseel Farhat , Evelyn Lunasin , Edriss S. Titi

In this paper, we present Pangu-Weather, a deep learning based system for fast and accurate global weather forecast. For this purpose, we establish a data-driven environment by downloading $43$ years of hourly global weather data from the…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-11-07 Kaifeng Bi , Lingxi Xie , Hengheng Zhang , Xin Chen , Xiaotao Gu , Qi Tian

Modelling partial differential equations (PDEs) is of crucial importance in science and engineering, and it includes tasks ranging from forecasting to inverse problems, such as data assimilation. However, most previous numerical and machine…

The recent surge in machine learning (ML) methods for geophysical modeling has raised the question of how these methods might be applied to data assimilation (DA). We focus on diffusion modeling (a form of generative artificial…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Daniel Hodyss , Matthias Morzfeld

Data assimilation (DA) improves prediction of chaotic systems by combining model forecasts with sparse, noisy observations. Many DA methods are inherently probabilistic, but accurate probabilistic DA is often computationally expensive…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-04-24 Aditya Sai Pranith Ayapilla , Kazuya Miyashita , Yuki Yasuda , Ryo Onishi

Accurate weather and climate prediction relies on data assimilation (DA), which estimates the Earth system state by integrating observations with models. While exascale computing has significantly advanced earth simulation, scalable and…

Domain adaptation (DA) strives to mitigate the domain gap between the source domain where a model is trained, and the target domain where the model is deployed. When a deep learning model is deployed on an aerial platform, it may face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Chowdhury Sadman Jahan , Andreas Savakis

Research on Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Data Assimilation (DA) is expanding rapidly. However, the absence of an objective, comprehensive, and real-world benchmark hinders the fair comparison of diverse methods. Here, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Wuxin Wang , Weicheng Ni , Ben Fei , Tao Han , Lilan Huang , Taikang Yuan , Xiaoyong Li , Lei Bai , Boheng Duan , Kaijun Ren

Forecasting future weather and climate is inherently difficult. Machine learning offers new approaches to increase the accuracy and computational efficiency of forecasts, but current methods are unable to accurately model uncertainty in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Yusuke Hatanaka , Yannik Glaser , Geoff Galgon , Giuseppe Torri , Peter Sadowski

Deep learning has revolutionized weather forecasting, but many challenges remain, including climate modeling. Moreover, the current landscape remains fragmented: highly specialized models are typically trained individually for distinct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Michael Aich , Andreas Fürst , Florian Sestak , Carlos Ruiz-Gonzalez , Niklas Boers , Johannes Brandstetter

The increasing impact of climate change and extreme weather events has spurred growing interest in deep learning for weather research. However, existing studies often rely on weather data in pixel space, which presents several challenges…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Sijie Zhao , Feng Liu , Xueliang Zhang , Hao Chen , Tao Han , Junchao Gong , Ran Tao , Pengfeng Xiao , Lei Bai , Wanli Ouyang

The accuracy of simulation-based forecasting in chaotic systems is heavily dependent on high-quality estimates of the system state at the time the forecast is initialized. Data assimilation methods are used to infer these initial conditions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Michael McCabe , Jed Brown