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In recent years, agentic artificial intelligence (AI) systems are becoming increasingly widespread. These systems allow agents to use various tools, such as web browsers, compilers, and more. However, despite their popularity, agentic AI…

Modern AI agents execute real-world side effects through tool calls such as file operations, shell commands, HTTP requests, and database queries. A single unsafe action, including accidental deletion, credential exposure, or data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Chenglin Yang

Browser agents are increasingly deployed in long-horizon tasks, which require executing extended action chains to accomplish user goals. However, this prolonged execution process provides attackers with more opportunities to inject…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhichao Liu , Wenbo Pan , Haining Yu , Ge Gao , Tianqing Zhu , Xiaohua Jia

The safety of autonomous AI agents is increasingly recognized as a critical open problem. As agents transition from passive text generators to active actors capable of executing shell commands, modifying files, calling APIs, and browsing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ashwin Aravind

AI agents promise to serve as general-purpose personal assistants for their users, which requires them to have access to private user data (e.g., personal and financial information). This poses a serious risk to security and privacy.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Robert Stanley , Avi Verma , Lillian Tsai , Konstantinos Kallas , Sam Kumar

Agentic AI systems powered by large language models (LLMs) and endowed with planning, tool use, memory, and autonomy, are emerging as powerful, flexible platforms for automation. Their ability to autonomously execute tasks across web,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Anshuman Chhabra , Shrestha Datta , Shahriar Kabir Nahin , Prasant Mohapatra

Web agents powered by vision-language models (VLMs) enable autonomous interaction with web environments by perceiving and acting on both visual and textual webpage content to accomplish user-specified tasks. However, they are highly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yulin Chen , Tri Cao , Haoran Li , Yue Liu , Yibo Li , Yufei He , Le Minh Khoi , Yangqiu Song , Shuicheng Yan , Bryan Hooi

When AI agents retrieve and reason over external documents, adversaries can manipulate the data they receive to subvert their behaviour. Previous research has studied indirect prompt injection, where the attacker injects malicious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Michael Schlichtkrull

Web Agents are increasingly deployed to perform complex tasks in real web environments, yet their security evaluation remains fragmented and difficult to standardize. We present WebTrap Park, an automated platform for systematic security…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Xinyi Wu , Jiagui Chen , Geng Hong , Jiayi Dong , Xudong Pan , Jiarun Dai , Min Yang

AI agents capable of GUI understanding and Model Context Protocol are increasingly deployed to automate mobile tasks. However, their reliance on over-privileged, static permissions creates a critical vulnerability: instruction injection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yifeng Cai , Ziming Wang , Zhaomeng Deng , Mengyu Yao , Junlin Liu , Yutao Hu , Ziqi Zhang , Yao Guo , Ding Li

AI-powered development platforms are making software creation accessible to a broader audience, but this democratization has triggered a scalability crisis in security auditing. With studies showing that up to 40% of AI-generated code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Isaac David , Arthur Gervais

Prompt injection attacks manipulate webpage content to cause web agents to execute attacker-specified tasks instead of the user's intended ones. Existing methods for detecting and localizing such attacks achieve limited effectiveness, as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xilong Wang , Yinuo Liu , Zhun Wang , Dawn Song , Neil Gong

We demonstrate how AI-powered cybersecurity tools can be turned against themselves through prompt injection attacks. Prompt injection is reminiscent of cross-site scripting (XSS): malicious text is hidden within seemingly trusted content,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Víctor Mayoral-Vilches , Per Mannermaa Rynning

AI agents aim to solve complex tasks by combining text-based reasoning with external tool calls. Unfortunately, AI agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks where data returned by external tools hijacks the agent to execute…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Edoardo Debenedetti , Jie Zhang , Mislav Balunović , Luca Beurer-Kellner , Marc Fischer , Florian Tramèr

Generalist web agents have demonstrated remarkable potential in autonomously completing a wide range of tasks on real websites, significantly boosting human productivity. However, web tasks, such as booking flights, usually involve users'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zeyi Liao , Lingbo Mo , Chejian Xu , Mintong Kang , Jiawei Zhang , Chaowei Xiao , Yuan Tian , Bo Li , Huan Sun

Web-use agents are rapidly being deployed to automate complex web tasks with extensive browser capabilities. However, these capabilities create a critical and previously unexplored attack surface. This paper demonstrates how attackers can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Avishag Shapira , Parth Atulbhai Gandhi , Edan Habler , Asaf Shabtai

Recent advances have enabled LLM-powered AI agents to autonomously execute complex tasks by combining language model reasoning with tools, memory, and web access. But can these systems be trusted to follow deployment policies in realistic…

Recent advancements in Web AI agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing complex web navigation tasks. However, emerging research shows that these agents exhibit greater vulnerability compared to standalone Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jeffrey Yang Fan Chiang , Seungjae Lee , Jia-Bin Huang , Furong Huang , Yizheng Chen

Personal AI agents like OpenClaw run with elevated privileges on users' local machines, where a single successful prompt injection can leak credentials, redirect financial transactions, or destroy files. This threat goes well beyond…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Bowen Wei , Yunbei Zhang , Jinhao Pan , Kai Mei , Xiao Wang , Jihun Hamm , Ziwei Zhu , Yingqiang Ge

Autonomous web navigation agents, which translate natural language instructions into sequences of browser actions, are increasingly deployed for complex tasks across e-commerce, information retrieval, and content discovery. Due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Atharv Singh Patlan , Ashwin Hebbar , Pramod Viswanath , Prateek Mittal