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We introduce Kimi K2, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language model with 32 billion activated parameters and 1 trillion total parameters. We propose the MuonClip optimizer, which improves upon Muon with a novel QK-clip technique to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Kimi Team , Yifan Bai , Yiping Bao , Y. Charles , Cheng Chen , Guanduo Chen , Haiting Chen , Huarong Chen , Jiahao Chen , Ningxin Chen , Ruijue Chen , Yanru Chen , Yuankun Chen , Yutian Chen , Zhuofu Chen , Jialei Cui , Hao Ding , Mengnan Dong , Angang Du , Chenzhuang Du , Dikang Du , Yulun Du , Yu Fan , Yichen Feng , Kelin Fu , Bofei Gao , Chenxiao Gao , Hongcheng Gao , Peizhong Gao , Tong Gao , Yuyao Ge , Shangyi Geng , Qizheng Gu , Xinran Gu , Longyu Guan , Haiqing Guo , Jianhang Guo , Xiaoru Hao , Tianhong He , Weiran He , Wenyang He , Yunjia He , Chao Hong , Hao Hu , Yangyang Hu , Zhenxing Hu , Weixiao Huang , Zhiqi Huang , Zihao Huang , Tao Jiang , Zhejun Jiang , Xinyi Jin , Yongsheng Kang , Guokun Lai , Cheng Li , Fang Li , Haoyang Li , Ming Li , Wentao Li , Yang Li , Yanhao Li , Yiwei Li , Zhaowei Li , Zheming Li , Hongzhan Lin , Xiaohan Lin , Zongyu Lin , Chengyin Liu , Chenyu Liu , Hongzhang Liu , Jingyuan Liu , Junqi Liu , Liang Liu , Shaowei Liu , T. Y. Liu , Tianwei Liu , Weizhou Liu , Yangyang Liu , Yibo Liu , Yiping Liu , Yue Liu , Zhengying Liu , Enzhe Lu , Haoyu Lu , Lijun Lu , Yashuo Luo , Shengling Ma , Xinyu Ma , Yingwei Ma , Shaoguang Mao , Jie Mei , Xin Men , Yibo Miao , Siyuan Pan , Yebo Peng , Ruoyu Qin , Zeyu Qin , Bowen Qu , Zeyu Shang , Lidong Shi , Shengyuan Shi , Feifan Song , Jianlin Su , Zhengyuan Su , Lin Sui , Xinjie Sun , Flood Sung , Yunpeng Tai , Heyi Tang , Jiawen Tao , Qifeng Teng , Chaoran Tian , Chensi Wang , Dinglu Wang , Feng Wang , Hailong Wang , Haiming Wang , Jianzhou Wang , Jiaxing Wang , Jinhong Wang , Shengjie Wang , Shuyi Wang , Si Wang , Xinyuan Wang , Yao Wang , Yejie Wang , Yiqin Wang , Yuxin Wang , Yuzhi Wang , Zhaoji Wang , Zhengtao Wang , Zhengtao Wang , Zhexu Wang , Chu Wei , Qianqian Wei , Haoning Wu , Wenhao Wu , Xingzhe Wu , Yuxin Wu , Chenjun Xiao , Jin Xie , Xiaotong Xie , Weimin Xiong , Boyu Xu , Jinjing Xu , L. H. Xu , Lin Xu , Suting Xu , Weixin Xu , Xinran Xu , Yangchuan Xu , Ziyao Xu , Jing Xu , Jing Xu , Junjie Yan , Yuzi Yan , Hao Yang , Xiaofei Yang , Yi Yang , Ying Yang , Zhen Yang , Zhilin Yang , Zonghan Yang , Haotian Yao , Xingcheng Yao , Wenjie Ye , Zhuorui Ye , Bohong Yin , Longhui Yu , Enming Yuan , Hongbang Yuan , Mengjie Yuan , Siyu Yuan , Haobing Zhan , Dehao Zhang , Hao Zhang , Wanlu Zhang , Xiaobin Zhang , Yadong Zhang , Yangkun Zhang , Yichi Zhang , Yizhi Zhang , Yongting Zhang , Yu Zhang , Yutao Zhang , Yutong Zhang , Zheng Zhang , Haotian Zhao , Yikai Zhao , Zijia Zhao , Huabin Zheng , Shaojie Zheng , Longguang Zhong , Jianren Zhou , Xinyu Zhou , Zaida Zhou , Jinguo Zhu , Zhen Zhu , Weiyu Zhuang , Xinxing Zu

Multimodal Audio-Language Models (ALMs) can understand and reason over both audio and text. Typically, reasoning performance correlates with model size, with the best results achieved by models exceeding 8 billion parameters. However, no…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Soham Deshmukh , Satvik Dixit , Rita Singh , Bhiksha Raj

Deep neural networks have recently achieved breakthroughs in sound generation. Despite the outstanding sample quality, current sound generation models face issues on small-scale datasets (e.g., overfitting), significantly limiting…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yi Yuan , Haohe Liu , Jinhua Liang , Xubo Liu , Mark D. Plumbley , Wenwu Wang

Speech-language models (SLMs) offer a promising path toward unifying speech and text understanding and generation. However, challenges remain in achieving effective cross-modal alignment and high-quality speech generation. In this work, we…

Understanding and reasoning over non-speech sounds and music are crucial for both humans and AI agents to interact effectively with their environments. In this paper, we introduce Audio Flamingo 2 (AF2), an Audio-Language Model (ALM) with…

We present GLM-Dialog, a large-scale language model (LLM) with 10B parameters capable of knowledge-grounded conversation in Chinese using a search engine to access the Internet knowledge. GLM-Dialog offers a series of applicable techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Jing Zhang , Xiaokang Zhang , Daniel Zhang-Li , Jifan Yu , Zijun Yao , Zeyao Ma , Yiqi Xu , Haohua Wang , Xiaohan Zhang , Nianyi Lin , Sunrui Lu , Juanzi Li , Jie Tang

In the domain of audio processing, Transfer Learning has facilitated the rise of Self-Supervised Learning and Zero-Shot Learning techniques. These approaches have led to the development of versatile models capable of tackling a wide array…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-22 Soham Deshmukh , Benjamin Elizalde , Rita Singh , Huaming Wang

Token-based text-to-speech (TTS) models have emerged as a promising avenue for generating natural and realistic speech, yet they grapple with low pronunciation accuracy, speaking style and timbre inconsistency, and a substantial need for…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Chunhui Wang , Chang Zeng , Bowen Zhang , Ziyang Ma , Yefan Zhu , Zifeng Cai , Jian Zhao , Zhonglin Jiang , Yong Chen

Speech language models (SpeechLMs) accept speech input and produce speech output, allowing for more natural human-computer interaction compared to text-based large language models (LLMs). Traditional approaches for developing SpeechLMs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Aohan Zeng , Zhengxiao Du , Mingdao Liu , Lei Zhang , Shengmin Jiang , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang

Reasoning is essential for effective communication and decision-making. While recent advances in LLMs and MLLMs have shown that incorporating explicit reasoning significantly improves understanding and generalization, reasoning in LSMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Zhifei Xie , Ziyang Ma , Zihang Liu , Kaiyu Pang , Hongyu Li , Jialin Zhang , Yue Liao , Deheng Ye , Chunyan Miao , Shuicheng Yan

Audio-Language Models (ALMs), trained on paired audio-text data, are designed to process, understand, and reason about audio-centric multimodal content. Unlike traditional supervised approaches that use predefined labels, ALMs leverage…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yi Su , Jisheng Bai , Qisheng Xu , Kele Xu , Yong Dou

General audio source separation is a key capability for multimodal AI systems that can perceive and reason about sound. Despite substantial progress in recent years, existing separation models are either domain-specific, designed for fixed…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-24 Bowen Shi , Andros Tjandra , John Hoffman , Helin Wang , Yi-Chiao Wu , Luya Gao , Julius Richter , Matt Le , Apoorv Vyas , Sanyuan Chen , Christoph Feichtenhofer , Piotr Dollár , Wei-Ning Hsu , Ann Lee

Audio Language Models (ALM) have emerged as the dominant paradigm for speech and music generation by representing audio as sequences of discrete tokens. Yet, unlike text tokens, which are invertible, audio tokens are extracted from lossy…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Simon Rouard , Manu Orsini , Axel Roebel , Neil Zeghidour , Alexandre Défossez

Voice imitation aims to transform source speech to match a reference speaker's timbre and speaking style while preserving linguistic content. A straightforward approach is to train on triplets of (source, reference, target), where source…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tao Feng , Yuxiang Wang , Yuancheng Wang , Xueyao Zhang , Dekun Chen , Chaoren Wang , Xun Guan , Zhizheng Wu

In this report, we present the Qwen3-TTS series, a family of advanced multilingual, controllable, robust, and streaming text-to-speech models. Qwen3-TTS supports state-of-the-art 3-second voice cloning and description-based control,…

This paper presents LongCat-Audio-Codec, an audio tokenizer and detokenizer solution designed for industrial grade end-to-end speech large language models. By leveraging a decoupled model architecture and a multistage training strategy,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Xiaohan Zhao , Hongyu Xiang , Shengze Ye , Song Li , Zhengkun Tian , Guanyu Chen , Ke Ding , Guanglu Wan

This article introduces Mi-Go, a novel testing framework aimed at evaluating the performance and adaptability of general-purpose speech recognition machine learning models across diverse real-world scenarios. The framework leverages YouTube…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Tomasz Wojnar , Jaroslaw Hryszko , Adam Roman

The development of audio foundation models has accelerated rapidly since the emergence of GPT-4o. However, the lack of comprehensive evaluation has become a critical bottleneck for further progress in the field, particularly in audio…

Recent advancements in multimodal reasoning have largely overlooked the audio modality. We introduce Audio-Reasoner, a large-scale audio language model for deep reasoning in audio tasks. We meticulously curated a large-scale and diverse…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Zhifei Xie , Mingbao Lin , Zihang Liu , Pengcheng Wu , Shuicheng Yan , Chunyan Miao

Evaluating the abilities of large language models (LLMs) for tasks that require long-term memory and thus long-context reasoning, for example in conversational settings, is hampered by the existing benchmarks, which often lack narrative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammad Tavakoli , Alireza Salemi , Carrie Ye , Mohamed Abdalla , Hamed Zamani , J Ross Mitchell