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We consider grammar-restricted exact learning of formulas and terms in finite variable logics. We propose a novel and versatile automata-theoretic technique for solving such problems. We first show results for learning formulas that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Paul Krogmeier , P. Madhusudan

Higher-dimensional rewriting systems are tools to analyse the structure of formally reducing terms to normal forms, as well as comparing the different reduction paths that lead to those normal forms. This higher structure can be captured by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Nicolai Kraus , Jakob von Raumer

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) are Large Language Models (LLMs) explicitly trained to generate long-form Chain-of-Thoughts (CoTs), achieving impressive success on challenging tasks like math and programming. However, their underlying…

Through reinforcement learning (RL) with outcome correctness rewards, large reasoning models (LRMs) with scaled inference computation have demonstrated substantial success on complex reasoning tasks. However, the one-sided reward, focused…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Jiashu Yao , Heyan Huang , Shuang Zeng , Chuwei Luo , WangJie You , Jie Tang , Qingsong Liu , Yuhang Guo , Yangyang Kang

Answering complex queries over incomplete knowledge graphs (KGs) is a challenging job. Most previous works have focused on learning entity/relation embeddings and simulating first-order logic operators with various neural networks. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Tianle Xia , Liang Ding , Guojia Wan , Yibing Zhan , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have rapidly advanced from perception tasks to complex multi-step reasoning, yet reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) often leads to spurious reasoning since only the final-answer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mengzhao Jia , Zhihan Zhang , Ignacio Cases , Zheyuan Liu , Meng Jiang , Peng Qi

This thesis introduces the "method of structural refinement", which serves as a means of transforming the relational semantics of a modal and/or constructive logic into an 'economical' proof system by connecting two proof-theoretic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Tim Lyon

We present the notions of positively complete theory and general forms of amalgamation in the framework of positive logic. We explore the fundamental properties of positively complete theories and study the behaviour of companion theories…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-11-15 Mohammed Belkasmi

The computation of feedback control using Dynamic Programming equation is a difficult task due the curse of dimensionality. The tree structure algorithm is one the methods introduced recently that mitigate this problem. The method computes…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-10-06 Alessandro Alla , Luca Saluzzi

Complex reasoning over text requires understanding and chaining together free-form predicates and logical connectives. Prior work has largely tried to do this either symbolically or with black-box transformers. We present a middle ground…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Jiangming Liu , Matt Gardner , Shay B. Cohen , Mirella Lapata

The autoregressive decoding for text generation in large language models (LLMs), while widely used, is inherently suboptimal due to the lack of a built-in mechanism to perform refinement and/or correction of the generated content. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zeyu Tang , Zhenhao Chen , Xiangchen Song , Loka Li , Yunlong Deng , Yifan Shen , Guangyi Chen , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

We generalise various theorems for finding indiscernible trees and arrays to positive logic: based on an existing modelling theorem for s-trees, we prove modelling theorems for str-trees, str$_0$-trees (the reduct of str-trees that forgets…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-05-17 Mark Kamsma

We present a general method for converting any family of unsatisfiable CNF formulas that is hard for one of the simplest proof systems, tree resolution, into formulas that require large rank in any proof system that manipulates polynomials…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2009-12-04 Paul Beame , Trinh Huynh , Toniann Pitassi

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven effective for complex reasoning tasks with clear correctness signals such as math and coding. However, extending it to real-world reasoning tasks is challenging, as evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Anisha Gunjal , Anthony Wang , Elaine Lau , Vaskar Nath , Yunzhong He , Bing Liu , Sean Hendryx

We use reinforcement learning to learn tree-structured neural networks for computing representations of natural language sentences. In contrast with prior work on tree-structured models in which the trees are either provided as input or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Dani Yogatama , Phil Blunsom , Chris Dyer , Edward Grefenstette , Wang Ling

Magic sets are a Datalog to Datalog rewriting technique to optimize query answering. The rewritten program focuses on a portion of the stable model(s) of the input program which is sufficient to answer the given query. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Mario Alviano , Nicola Leone , Pierfrancesco Veltri , Jessica Zangari

Foundation models encode rich structural knowledge but often rely on post-training procedures to adapt their reasoning behavior to specific tasks. Popular approaches such as reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Dake Bu , Wei Huang , Andi Han , Atsushi Nitanda , Bo Xue , Qingfu Zhang , Hau-San Wong , Taiji Suzuki

Modal logic is a paradigm for several useful and applicable formal systems in computer science. It generally retains the low complexity of classical propositional logic, but notable exceptions exist in the domains of description, temporal,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-09-15 Davide Bresolin , Emilio Muñoz-Velasco , Guido Sciavicco

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable advances in reasoning capabilities. However, their performance remains constrained by limited access to explicit and structured domain knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Junlin Wu , Xianrui Zhong , Jiashuo Sun , Bolian Li , Bowen Jin , Jiawei Han , Qingkai Zeng

We investigate the complexity of modal satisfiability for certain combinations of modal logics. In particular we examine four examples of multimodal logics with dependencies and demonstrate that even if we restrict our inputs to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-11-17 Antonis Achilleos