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As inference on Large Language Models (LLMs) emerges as an important workload in machine learning applications, weight quantization has become a standard technique for efficient GPU deployment. Quantization not only reduces model size, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Elias Frantar , Roberto L. Castro , Jiale Chen , Torsten Hoefler , Dan Alistarh

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various artificial intelligence tasks. However, their enormous sizes and computational demands pose significant challenges for the deployment on edge devices. To address…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Kai Zhang , Hengtao He , Shenghui Song , Jun Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLM) on mobile devices offers significant potential for medical applications, enhancing privacy, security, and cost-efficiency by eliminating reliance on cloud-based services and keeping sensitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Leon Nissen , Philipp Zagar , Vishnu Ravi , Aydin Zahedivash , Lara Marie Reimer , Stephan Jonas , Oliver Aalami , Paul Schmiedmayer

We present ongoing work on a new automatic code generation approach for supporting quantized generative inference on LLMs such as LLaMA or OPT on off-the-shelf CPUs. Our approach is informed by the target architecture and a performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Tommaso Pegolotti , Elias Frantar , Dan Alistarh , Markus Püschel

In the last few years, research and development on Deep Learning models and techniques for ultra-low-power devices in a word, TinyML has mainly focused on a train-then-deploy assumption, with static models that cannot be adapted to newly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Leonardo Ravaglia , Manuele Rusci , Davide Nadalini , Alessandro Capotondi , Francesco Conti , Luca Benini

Deploying advanced large language models on edge devices, such as smartphones and robotics, is a growing trend that enhances user data privacy and network connectivity resilience while preserving intelligent capabilities. However, such a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Zhongkai Yu , Shengwen Liang , Tianyun Ma , Yunke Cai , Ziyuan Nan , Di Huang , Xinkai Song , Yifan Hao , Jie Zhang , Tian Zhi , Yongwei Zhao , Zidong Du , Xing Hu , Qi Guo , Tianshi Chen

The substantial memory bandwidth and computational demands of large language models (LLMs) present critical challenges for efficient inference. To tackle this, the literature has explored heterogeneous systems that combine neural processing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yuzong Chen , Chao Fang , Xilai Dai , Yuheng Wu , Thierry Tambe , Marian Verhelst , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

Large Language Models (LLMs) enable various applications on edge devices such as smartphones, wearables, and embodied robots. However, their deployment often depends on expensive cloud-based APIs, creating high operational costs, which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yeshwanth Venkatesha , Souvik Kundu , Priyadarshini Panda

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have become the leading hardware accelerator for deep learning applications and are used widely in training and inference of transformers; transformers have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Andy He , Darren Key , Mason Bulling , Andrew Chang , Skyler Shapiro , Everett Lee

We present PCL-Reasoner-V1.5, a 32-billion-parameter large language model (LLM) for mathematical reasoning. The model is built upon Qwen2.5-32B and refined via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) followed by reinforcement learning (RL). A central…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Yao Lu , Dengdong Fan , Jianzheng Nie , Fan Xu , Jie Chen , Bin Zhou , Yonghong Tian

The deployment of transformer-based models on resource-constrained edge devices represents a critical challenge in enabling real-time artificial intelligence applications. This comprehensive survey examines lightweight transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Hema Hariharan Samson

With the emergence of wearable devices and other embedded systems, deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge platforms has become an urgent need. However, this is challenging because of their high computational and memory demands.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Ye Qiao , Zhiheng Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yian Wang , Sitao Huang

This paper explores the adaptation of Transformerbased models for edge devices through the quantisation and hardware acceleration of the ARM Keyword Transformer (KWT) model on a RISC-V platform. The model was targeted to run on 64kB RAM in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Aness Al-Qawlaq , Ajay Kumar M , Deepu John

The growing gap between the increasing complexity of large language models (LLMs) and the limited computational budgets of edge devices poses a key challenge for efficient on-device inference, despite gradual improvements in hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios Spatharakis , Saeid Ghafouri , Jiakun Fan , Hans Vandierendonck , Deepu John , Bo Ji , Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

Large language models~(LLMs) are known for their high demand on computing resources and memory due to their substantial model size, which leads to inefficient inference on moderate GPU systems. Techniques like quantization or pruning can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Wenxiang Lin , Xinglin Pan , Shaohuai Shi , Xuan Wang , Xiaowen Chu

Large language models (LLMs) show impressive performance in solving complex language tasks. However, its large number of parameters presents significant challenges for the deployment. So, compressing LLMs to low bits can enable to deploy on…

A growing number of applications implement predictive functions using deep learning models, which require heavy use of compute and memory. One popular technique for increasing resource efficiency is 8-bit integer quantization, in which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Animesh Jain , Shoubhik Bhattacharya , Masahiro Masuda , Vin Sharma , Yida Wang

Motivated by the high costs of using black-box Large Language Models (LLMs), we introduce a novel prompt compression paradigm, under which we use smaller LLMs to compress inputs for the larger ones. We present the first comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Ivan Zakazov , Berke Argin , Oussama Gabouj , Kamel Charaf , Alexander Sharipov , Alexi Semiz , Lorenzo Drudi , Nicolas Baldwin , Robert West

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential in natural language processing and content generation. However, current LLMs heavily rely on cloud computing, leading to prolonged latency, high bandwidth cost, and privacy concerns.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Mingjin Zhang , Jiannong Cao , Xiaoming Shen , Zeyang Cui

DQN (Deep Q-Network) is a method to perform Q-learning for reinforcement learning using deep neural networks. DQNs require a large buffer and batch processing for an experience replay and rely on a backpropagation based iterative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Hirohisa Watanabe , Mineto Tsukada , Hiroki Matsutani
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