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Synthetic verification techniques such as generating test cases and reward modelling are common ways to enhance the coding capabilities of large language models (LLM) beyond predefined tests. Additionally, code verification has recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Aleksander Ficek , Somshubra Majumdar , Vahid Noroozi , Boris Ginsburg

Software testing and verification are critical for ensuring the reliability and security of modern software systems. Traditionally, formal verification techniques, such as model checking and theorem proving, have provided rigorous…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Norbert Tihanyi , Tamas Bisztray , Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Bilel Cherif , Richard A. Dubniczky , Ridhi Jain , Lucas C. Cordeiro

We introduce our Leanabell-Prover-V2, a 7B large language models (LLMs) that can produce formal theorem proofs in Lean 4, with verifier-integrated Long Chain-of-Thoughts (CoT). Following our previous work Leanabell-Prover-V1, we continual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Xingguang Ji , Yahui Liu , Qi Wang , Jingyuan Zhang , Yang Yue , Rui Shi , Chenxi Sun , Fuzheng Zhang , Guorui Zhou , Kun Gai

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in complex reasoning tasks but struggle with consistent rule application, exception handling, and explainability, particularly in domains like legal analysis that require both natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Albert Sadowski , Jarosław A. Chudziak

We consider the task of automated theorem proving, a key AI task. Deep learning has shown promise for training theorem provers, but there are limited human-written theorems and proofs available for supervised learning. To address this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Mingzhe Wang , Jia Deng

This thesis develops a framework for formalizing reasoning about specifications of systems written in LF. This formalization centers around the development of a reasoning logic that can express the sorts of properties which arise in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Mary Southern

We introduce ProofGrid, a benchmark suite for evaluating LLM reasoning through machine-checkable proofs rather than final answers alone. ProofGrid contains 15 tasks spanning proof writing, proof checking, proof masking, and proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Konstantine Arkoudas , Serafim Batzoglou

Testing remains the primary method to evaluate the accuracy of neural network perception systems. Prior work on the formal verification of neural network perception models has been limited to notions of local adversarial robustness for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Chris R. Serrano , Pape M. Sylla , Michael A. Warren

To address the increasing size and complexity of modern software systems, compositional verification separates the verification of single components from the verification of their composition. In architecture-based verification, the former…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Diego Marmsoler , Genc Blakqori

Formal verification can provably guarantee the correctness of critical system software, but the high proof burden has long hindered its wide adoption. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown success in code analysis and synthesis.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Jianan Yao , Ziqiao Zhou , Weiteng Chen , Weidong Cui

Validation is a central activity when developing formal specifications. Similarly to coding, a possible validation technique is to define upfront test cases or scenarios that a future specification should satisfy or not. Unfortunately,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Alcino Cunha , Nuno Macedo

We describe an extension to the TLA+ specification language with constructs for writing proofs and a proof environment, called the Proof Manager (PM), to checks those proofs. The language and the PM support the incremental development and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2008-11-13 Kaustuv C. Chaudhuri , Damien Doligez , Leslie Lamport , Stephan Merz

A step-by-step presentation of the code for a small theorem prover introduces theorem-proving techniques. The programming language used is Standard ML. The prover operates on a sequent calculus formulation of first-order logic, which is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Lawrence C. Paulson

Document forgery poses a growing threat to legal, economic, and governmental processes, requiring increasingly sophisticated verification mechanisms. One approach involves the use of plausibility checks, rule-based procedures that assess…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Valentin Schmidberger , Manuel Eberhardinger , Setareh Maghsudi , Johannes Maucher

Mission-time Linear Temporal Logic (MLTL), a widely used subset of popular specification logics like STL and MTL, is often used to model and verify real world systems in safety-critical contexts. As the results of formal verification are…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Zili Wang , Katherine Kosaian , Kristin Yvonne Rozier

Formal verification of memory-manipulating programs critically depends on precise function specifications that capture memory states written by experts. This requirement has become a major bottleneck as large language models (LLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Liao Zhang , Tong Chen , Xiwei Wu , Qi Liu , Xiyu Zhai , Xinqi Wang , Qinxiang Cao

Large language models have achieved remarkable success on final-answer mathematical problems, largely due to the ease of applying reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. However, the reasoning underlying these solutions is often…

Reasoning over natural language is a challenging problem in NLP. In this work, we focus on proof generation: Given a hypothesis and a set of supporting facts, the model generates a proof tree indicating how to derive the hypothesis from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Kaiyu Yang , Jia Deng , Danqi Chen

Neural networks have recently achieved human-level performance on various challenging natural language processing (NLP) tasks, but it is notoriously difficult to understand why a neural network produced a particular prediction. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Sharan Narang , Colin Raffel , Katherine Lee , Adam Roberts , Noah Fiedel , Karishma Malkan

Interactive proof assistants are computer programs carefully constructed to check a human-designed proof of a mathematical claim with high confidence in the implementation. However, this only validates truth of a formal claim, which may…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Colin S. Gordon , Sergey Matskevich