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We develop a general approach to distill symbolic representations of a learned deep model by introducing strong inductive biases. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). The technique works as follows: we first encourage sparse latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Miles Cranmer , Alvaro Sanchez-Gonzalez , Peter Battaglia , Rui Xu , Kyle Cranmer , David Spergel , Shirley Ho

Data-efficient image classification is a challenging task that aims to solve image classification using small training data. Neural network-based deep learning methods are effective for image classification, but they typically require…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Ying Bi , Bing Xue , Mengjie Zhang

Model-based approaches for (bio)process systems often suffer from incomplete knowledge of the underlying physical, chemical, or biological laws. Universal differential equations, which embed neural networks within differential equations,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-20 Arno Strouwen

Symbolic regression aims to derive interpretable symbolic expressions from data in order to better understand and interpret data. %which plays an important role in knowledge discovery and interpretable machine learning. In this study, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Min Wu , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Wenqiang Li , Jingyi Liu , Yanjie Li , Meilan Hao

Many recent studies focus on developing mechanisms to explain the black-box behaviors of neural networks (NNs). However, little work has been done to extract the potential hidden semantics (mathematical representation) of a neural network.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Yuanzhen Luo , Qiang Lu , Xilei Hu , Jake Luo , Zhiguang Wang

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a type of regression analysis to automatically find the mathematical expression that best fits the data. Currently, SR still basically relies on various searching strategies so that a sample-specific model is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Jiachen Li , Ye Yuan , Hong-Bin Shen

In science, we are interested not only in forecasting but also in understanding how predictions are made, specifically what the interpretable underlying model looks like. Data-driven machine learning technology can significantly streamline…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Weiting Liu , Jiaxu Cui , Jiao Hu , En Wang , Bo Yang

Many promising approaches to symbolic regression have been presented in recent years, yet progress in the field continues to suffer from a lack of uniform, robust, and transparent benchmarking standards. In this paper, we address this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-02 William La Cava , Patryk Orzechowski , Bogdan Burlacu , Fabrício Olivetti de França , Marco Virgolin , Ying Jin , Michael Kommenda , Jason H. Moore

Symbolic regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering the analytical mathematical expression from data, finding various applications in natural sciences due to its good interpretability of results. However, existing methods face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Xieting Chu , Hongjue Zhao , Enze Xu , Hairong Qi , Minghan Chen , Huajie Shao

Symbolic regression refers to the task of finding a closed-form mathematical expression to fit a set of data points. Genetic programming based techniques are the most common algorithms used to tackle this problem, but recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ryan T. Tymkow , Benjamin D. Schnapp , Mojtaba Valipour , Ali Ghodshi

Neuroevolution is one of the methodologies that can be used for learning optimal architecture during training. It uses evolutionary algorithms to generate the topology of artificial neural networks and its parameters. The main benefits are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-30 M. Pietroń , D. Żurek , K. Faber , R. Corizzo

Designing plausible network models typically requires scholars to form a priori intuitions on the key drivers of network formation. Oftentimes, these intuitions are supported by the statistical estimation of a selection of network evolution…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Telmo Menezes , Camille Roth

This paper describes a new method for Symbolic Regression that allows to find mathematical expressions from a dataset. This method has a strong mathematical basis. As opposed to other methods such as Genetic Programming, this method is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Daniel Rivero , Enrique Fernandez-Blanco

Interpretability is crucial for machine learning in many scenarios such as quantitative finance, banking, healthcare, etc. Symbolic regression (SR) is a classic interpretable machine learning method by bridging X and Y using mathematical…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-17 Ying Jin , Weilin Fu , Jian Kang , Jiadong Guo , Jian Guo

Symbolic regression aims to find interpretable analytical expressions by searching over mathematical formula spaces to capture underlying system behavior, particularly in scientific modeling governed by physical laws. However, traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yunpeng Gong , Sihan Lan , Can Yang , Kunpeng Xu , Min Jiang

The Symbolic Regression (SR) problem, where the goal is to find a regression function that does not have a pre-specified form but is any function that can be composed of a list of operators, is a hard problem in machine learning, both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Vernon Austel , Cristina Cornelio , Sanjeeb Dash , Joao Goncalves , Lior Horesh , Tyler Josephson , Nimrod Megiddo

In NeuroEvolution, the topologies of artificial neural networks are optimized with evolutionary algorithms to solve tasks in data regression, data classification, or reinforcement learning. One downside of NeuroEvolution is the large amount…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Jörg Stork , Martin Zaefferer , Thomas Bartz-Beielstein

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a powerful technique for automatically discovering mathematical expressions from input data. Mainstream SR algorithms search for the optimal symbolic tree in a vast function space, but the increasing complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinxin Li , Juan Zhang , Da Li , Xingyu Liu , Jin Xu , Junping Yin

A core challenge for both physics and artificial intellicence (AI) is symbolic regression: finding a symbolic expression that matches data from an unknown function. Although this problem is likely to be NP-hard in principle, functions of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-04-16 Silviu-Marian Udrescu , Max Tegmark

When neural networks are used to solve differential equations, they usually produce solutions in the form of black-box functions that are not directly mathematically interpretable. We introduce a method for generating symbolic expressions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Maysum Panju , Ali Ghodsi