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The attention mechanism within the transformer architecture enables the model to weigh and combine tokens based on their relevance to the query. While self-attention has enjoyed major success, it notably treats all queries $q$ in the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Xuechen Zhang , Xiangyu Chang , Mingchen Li , Amit Roy-Chowdhury , Jiasi Chen , Samet Oymak

Self-attention has become a defacto choice for capturing global context in various vision applications. However, its quadratic computational complexity with respect to image resolution limits its use in real-time applications, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Abdelrahman Shaker , Muhammad Maaz , Hanoona Rasheed , Salman Khan , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

This paper questions whether the strong performance of softmax attention in transformers stems from producing a probability distribution over inputs. Instead, we argue that softmax's effectiveness lies in its implicit regularization of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hemanth Saratchandran , Jianqiao Zheng , Yiping Ji , Wenbo Zhang , Simon Lucey

Despite their central role in the success of foundational models and large-scale language modeling, the theoretical foundations governing the operation of Transformers remain only partially understood. Contemporary research has largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Sagar Ghosh , Kushal Bose , Swagatam Das

We introduce the Momentum Transformer, an attention-based deep-learning architecture, which outperforms benchmark time-series momentum and mean-reversion trading strategies. Unlike state-of-the-art Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Kieran Wood , Sven Giegerich , Stephen Roberts , Stefan Zohren

Spiking Neural Networks have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their distinctive low-power characteristics. Meanwhile, Transformer models, known for their powerful self-attention mechanisms and parallel processing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hangming Zhang , Alexander Sboev , Roman Rybka , Qiang Yu

Transformers have emerged as the prevailing standard solution for various AI tasks, including computer vision and natural language processing. The widely adopted Query, Key, and Value formulation (QKV) has played a significant role in this.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Ali Borji

Self-supervised learning (SSL) with Vision Transformers (ViT) has shown immense potential in medical image analysis. However, the quadratic complexity ($\mathcal{O}(N^2)$) of standard self-attention poses a severe barrier for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Hung Q. Vo , Pengyu Yuan , Zheng Yin , Kelvin K. Wong , Chika F. Ezeana , Son T. Ly , Hien V. Nguyen , Stephen T. C. Wong

Video summarization aims to select representative frames to retain high-level information, which is usually solved by predicting the segment-wise importance score via a softmax function. However, softmax function suffers in retaining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Junyan Wang , Yang Bai , Yang Long , Bingzhang Hu , Zhenhua Chai , Yu Guan , Xiaolin Wei

Transformers have recently shown superior performances on various vision tasks. The large, sometimes even global, receptive field endows Transformer models with higher representation power over their CNN counterparts. Nevertheless, simply…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Zhuofan Xia , Xuran Pan , Shiji Song , Li Erran Li , Gao Huang

Transformer plays a central role in many fundamental deep learning models, e.g., the ViT in computer vision and the BERT and GPT in natural language processing, whose effectiveness is mainly attributed to its multi-head attention (MHA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Shen Yuan , Hongteng Xu

We demonstrate that quantum vision transformers (QViTs), vision transformers (ViTs) with self-attention (SA) mechanisms replaced by quantum self-attention (QSA) mechanisms, can match state-of-the-art (SOTA) biomedical image classifiers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Thomas Boucher , John Whittle , Evangelos B. Mazomenos

Density-functional theory (DFT) has revolutionized computer simulations in chemistry and material science. A faithful implementation of the theory requires self-consistent calculations. However, this effort involves repeatedly diagonalizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-17 Taehee Ko , Xiantao Li , Chunhao Wang

The Transformer model has been pivotal in advancing fields such as natural language processing, speech recognition, and computer vision. However, a critical limitation of this model is its quadratic computational and memory complexity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Firas Khader , Omar S. M. El Nahhas , Tianyu Han , Gustav Müller-Franzes , Sven Nebelung , Jakob Nikolas Kather , Daniel Truhn

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have significantly advanced computer vision, demonstrating strong performance across various tasks. However, the attention mechanism in ViTs makes each layer function as a low-pass filter, and the stacked-layer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Linwei Chen , Lin Gu , Ying Fu

Recently, image restoration transformers have achieved comparable performance with previous state-of-the-art CNNs. However, how to efficiently leverage such architectures remains an open problem. In this work, we present Dual-former whose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Sixiang Chen , Tian Ye , Yun Liu , Erkang Chen

Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) have shown remarkable performance in generating high-quality videos. However, the quadratic complexity of 3D full attention remains a bottleneck in scaling DiT training, especially with high-definition, lengthy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Xin Tan , Yuetao Chen , Yimin Jiang , Xing Chen , Kun Yan , Nan Duan , Yibo Zhu , Daxin Jiang , Hong Xu

Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved remarkable progress in weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS), the effective receptive field of CNN is insufficient to capture global context information, leading to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Chunmeng Liu , Enze Xie , Wenjia Wang , Wenhai Wang , Guangyao Li , Ping Luo

Hybrid quantum and classical learning aims to couple quantum feature maps with the robustness of classical neural networks, yet most architectures treat the quantum circuit as an isolated feature extractor and merge its measurements with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Azadeh Alavi , Fatemeh Kouchmeshki , Abdolrahman Alavi

Transformers are expensive to train due to the quadratic time and space complexity in the self-attention mechanism. On the other hand, although kernel machines suffer from the same computation bottleneck in pairwise dot products, several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Yifan Chen , Qi Zeng , Heng Ji , Yun Yang