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Content moderation faces a challenging task as social media's ability to spread hate speech contrasts with its role in promoting global connectivity. With rapidly evolving slang and hate speech, the adaptability of conventional deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Paras Sheth , Tharindu Kumarage , Raha Moraffah , Aman Chadha , Huan Liu

Detection of hate speech has been formulated as a standalone application of NLP and different approaches have been adopted for identifying the target groups, obtaining raw data, defining the labeling process, choosing the detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Vitthal Bhandari

The pervasive use of the Internet and social media introduces significant challenges to automated sentiment analysis, particularly for sarcastic expressions in user-generated content. Sarcasm conveys negative emotions through ostensibly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Zhenkai Qin , Qining Luo , Xunyi Nong

Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting (SF-KWS) has gained popularity in today's landscape of smart voice-activated devices, smartphones, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This surge is attributed to the advancements in Deep Learning,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Soumen Garai , Suman Samui

This work proposes a contextualised detection framework for implicitly hateful speech, implemented as a multi-agent system comprising a central Moderator Agent and dynamically constructed Community Agents representing specific demographic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Ewelina Gajewska , Katarzyna Budzynska , Jarosław A Chudziak

Few-shot learning (FSL) presents a challenging learning problem in which only a few samples are available for each class. Decision interpretation is more important in few-shot classification due to a greater chance of error compared to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Mohammad Reza Zarei , Majid Komeili

Hateful memes often require compositional multimodal reasoning: the image and text may appear benign in isolation, yet their interaction conveys harmful intent. Although thinking-based multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Mucahid Kutlu , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Abul Hasnat , Firoj Alam

Hate speech has grown into a pervasive phenomenon, intensifying during times of crisis, elections, and social unrest. Multiple approaches have been developed to detect hate speech using artificial intelligence, but a generalized model is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Gautam Kishore Shahi , Tim A. Majchrzak

The proliferation of social media platforms has led to an increase in the spread of hate speech, particularly targeting vulnerable communities. Unfortunately, existing methods for automatically identifying and blocking toxic language rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shiza Ali , Jeremy Blackburn , Gianluca Stringhini

Combating online hate speech in multilingual settings requires approaches that go beyond English-centric models and capture the cultural and linguistic diversity of global online discourse. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zahra Safdari Fesaghandis , Suman Kalyan Maity

Abusive language is a concerning problem in online social media. Past research on detecting abusive language covers different platforms, languages, demographies, etc. However, models trained using these datasets do not perform well in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Punyajoy Saha , Divyanshu Sheth , Kushal Kedia , Binny Mathew , Animesh Mukherjee

State-of-the-art few-shot learning (FSL) methods leverage prompt-based fine-tuning to obtain remarkable results for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. While much of the prior FSL methods focus on improving downstream task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Venkata Prabhakara Sarath Nookala , Gaurav Verma , Subhabrata Mukherjee , Srijan Kumar

Few-shot learning, especially few-shot image classification, has received increasing attention and witnessed significant advances in recent years. Some recent studies implicitly show that many generic techniques or ``tricks'', such as data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Wenbin Li , Ziyi , Wang , Xuesong Yang , Chuanqi Dong , Pinzhuo Tian , Tiexin Qin , Jing Huo , Yinghuan Shi , Lei Wang , Yang Gao , Jiebo Luo

The social media platform is a convenient medium to express personal thoughts and share useful information. It is fast, concise, and has the ability to reach millions. It is an effective place to archive thoughts, share artistic content,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Ramchandra Joshi , Rushabh Karnavat , Kaustubh Jirapure , Raviraj Joshi

A significant challenge in automating hate speech detection on social media is distinguishing hate speech from regular and offensive language. These identify an essential category of content that web filters seek to remove. Only automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Faria Naznin , Md Touhidur Rahman , Shahran Rahman Alve

Hate speech is a form of online harassment that involves the use of abusive language, and it is commonly seen in social media posts. This sort of harassment mainly focuses on specific group characteristics such as religion, gender,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Georgios K. Pitsilis

Given Myanmars historical and socio-political context, hate speech spread on social media has escalated into offline unrest and violence. This paper presents findings from our remote study on the automatic detection of hate speech online in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Daniel Nkemelu , Harshil Shah , Irfan Essa , Michael L. Best

The number of increased social media users has led to a lot of people misusing these platforms to spread offensive content and use hate speech. Manual tracking the vast amount of posts is impractical so it is necessary to devise automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Arka Mitra , Priyanshu Sankhala

Few-shot Intent Detection is challenging due to the scarcity of available annotated utterances. Although recent works demonstrate that multi-level matching plays an important role in transferring learned knowledge from seen training classes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Hoang Nguyen , Chenwei Zhang , Congying Xia , Philip S. Yu

The fast spread of hate speech on social media impacts the Internet environment and our society by increasing prejudice and hurting people. Detecting hate speech has aroused broad attention in the field of natural language processing.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Junyu Lu , Hongfei Lin , Xiaokun Zhang , Zhaoqing Li , Tongyue Zhang , Linlin Zong , Fenglong Ma , Bo Xu