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Related papers: Measuring likelihood in cybersecurity

200 papers

We are releasing a new suite of security benchmarks for LLMs, CYBERSECEVAL 3, to continue the conversation on empirically measuring LLM cybersecurity risks and capabilities. CYBERSECEVAL 3 assesses 8 different risks across two broad…

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) enables organizations to anticipate, detect, and mitigate evolving cyber threats. Its effectiveness depends on high-quality datasets, which support model development, training, evaluation, and benchmarking.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Dincy R. Arikkat , Sneha B. T. , Serena Nicolazzo , Antonino Nocera , Vinod P. , Rafidha Rehiman K. A. , Karthika R

We are not very good at measuring -- rigorously and quantitatively -- the cyber security of systems. Our ability to measure cyber resilience is even worse. And without measuring cyber resilience, we can neither improve it nor trust its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Alexander Kott , Igor Linkov

In modern world the importance of cybersecurity of various systems is increasing from year to year. The number of information security events generated by information security tools grows up with the development of the IT infrastructure. At…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Evgeniy Eremin

Every day around the world, various organizations are exposed to more than a hundred attacks, most of which are success-fully repelled by information security specialists. However, attacks are also carried out that some information systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-21 A. K. Novokhrestov , A. A. Konev , A. S. Kovalenko , N. I. Sermavkin

Subjective judgements from experts provide essential information when assessing and modelling threats in respect to cyber-physical systems. For example, the vulnerability of individual system components can be described using multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Zack Ellerby , Josie McCulloch , Melanie Wilson , Christian Wagner

Profile likelihood provides a general framework to infer on a scalar parameter of a statistical model. A confidence interval is obtained by numerically finding the two abscissas where the profile log-likelihood curve intersects an…

Computation · Statistics 2024-04-04 Yves Deville

In cybersecurity, attackers range from brash, unsophisticated script kiddies and cybercriminals to stealthy, patient advanced persistent threats. When modeling these attackers, we can observe that they demonstrate different risk-seeking and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Erick Galinkin , John Carter , Spiros Mancoridis

Threat intelligence on malware attacks and campaigns is increasingly being shared with other security experts for a cost or for free. Other security analysts use this intelligence to inform them of indicators of compromise, attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Nidhi Rastogi , Sharmishtha Dutta , Mohammed J. Zaki , Alex Gittens , Charu Aggarwal

Accurate and timely detection of cyber threats is critical to keeping our online economy and data safe. A key technique in early detection is the classification of unusual patterns of network behaviour, often hidden as low-frequency events…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Anthony Kenyon , Lipika Deka , David Elizondo

Insider threats continue to present a major challenge for the information security community. Despite constant research taking place in this area; a substantial gap still exists between the requirements of this community and the solutions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-25 Adam James Hall , Nikolaos Pitropakis , William J Buchanan , Naghmeh Moradpoor

AI companies and governments are increasingly concerned about frontier AI systems enabling cybercrime, yet defining meaningful capability thresholds requires knowing the scale of cybercrime today. Current estimates of global cybercrime…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kamilė Lukošiūtė , John Halstead , Luca Righetti

In this paper, a novel cyber-insurance model design is proposed based on system risk evaluation with smart technology applications. The cyber insurance policy for power systems is tailored via cyber risk modeling, reliability impact…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Pikkin Lau , Lingfeng Wang , Wei Wei , Zhaoxi Liu , Chee-Wooi Ten

Cyber-physical systems are at the intersection of digital technology and engineering domains, rendering them high-value targets of sophisticated and well-funded cybersecurity threat actors. Prominent cybersecurity attacks on CPS have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Shaofei Huang , Christopher M. Poskitt , Lwin Khin Shar

Hands-on cybersecurity training allows students and professionals to practice various tools and improve their technical skills. The training occurs in an interactive learning environment that enables completing sophisticated tasks in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Valdemar Švábenský , Jan Vykopal , Pavel Čeleda , Kristián Tkáčik , Daniel Popovič

This paper examines how Canadian firms balance the benefits of technology adoption against the rising risk of cyber security breaches. We merge data from the 2021 Canadian Survey of Digital Technology and Internet Use and the 2021 Canadian…

General Economics · Economics 2026-04-28 Joann Jasiak , Peter MacKenzie , Purevdorj Tuvaandorj

Phishing remains one of the most pervasive cybersecurity threats, shifting the focus from technological vulnerabilities to human cognitive and psychological factors. In coherence with the trend of studies on phishing to increasingly focus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Valeria Formisano , Danilo Gentile , Gennaro Esposito Mocerino , Michela Ponticorvo , Luigi Gallo , Alessio Botta , Davide Marocco

Not a day goes by without news about a cyber attack. Fear spreads out and lots of wrong ideas circulate. This survey aims at showing how all these uncertainties about cyber can be transformed into manageable risk. After reviewing the main…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Michel Dacorogna , Marie Kratz

This study examines how Artificial Intelligence can aid in identifying and mitigating cyber threats in the U.S. across four key areas: intrusion detection, malware classification, phishing detection, and insider threat analysis. Each of…

In the wake of the arrival of digital media, the Internet, the web, and online social media, a flood of new cyber security research questions have emerged. There is a lot of money being lost around the world because of cyber-attacks. As a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Kashif Ishaq , Sidra Fareed