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For the efficient inference of Large Language Models (LLMs), the effective compression of key-value (KV) cache is essential. Three main types of KV cache compression techniques, namely sparsity, channel compression, and quantization, have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Hong Yankun , Li Xing , Zhen Hui-Ling , Yu Xianzhi , Liu Wulong , Yuan Mingxuan

Large Language Model (LLM) inference is increasingly constrained by memory bandwidth, with frequent access to the key-value (KV) cache dominating data movement. While attention sparsity reduces some memory traffic, the relevance of past…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yunhua Fang , Rui Xie , Asad Ul Haq , Linsen Ma , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Naigang Wang , Meng Wang , Liu Liu , Tong Zhang

The KV-Cache technique has become the standard for the inference of large language models (LLMs). Yet, it is widely criticized that KV-Cache can become a bottleneck of the LLM inference system. This paper enables a novel dynamic KV-Cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Zihao Zeng , Bokai Lin , Tianqi Hou , Hao Zhang , Zhijie Deng

The Key-Value (KV) cache is integral to efficient autoregressive inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its unbounded growth in stateful multi-turn scenarios presents major challenges. This paper examines the interplay between KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Pratik Poudel

With the development of large language models (LLMs), efficient inference through Key-Value (KV) cache compression has attracted considerable attention, especially for long-context generation. To compress the KV cache, recent methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Qingyue Yang , Jie Wang , Xing Li , Zhihai Wang , Chen Chen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao , Mingxuan Yuan , Bin Li

Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA) is an innovative architecture proposed by DeepSeek, designed to ensure efficient and economical inference by significantly compressing the Key-Value (KV) cache into a latent vector. Compared to MLA,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tao Ji , Bin Guo , Yuanbin Wu , Qipeng Guo , Lixing Shen , Zhan Chen , Xipeng Qiu , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui

KV cache is a widely used acceleration technique for large language models (LLMs) inference. However, its memory requirement grows rapidly with input length. Previous studies have reduced the size of KV cache by either removing the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Xingyang He , Jie Liu , Shaowei Chen

The widespread of Large Language Models (LLMs) marks a significant milestone in generative AI. Nevertheless, the increasing context length and batch size in offline LLM inference escalate the memory requirement of the key-value (KV) cache,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Xiurui Pan , Endian Li , Qiao Li , Shengwen Liang , Yizhou Shan , Ke Zhou , Yingwei Luo , Xiaolin Wang , Jie Zhang

Generative inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is impeded by the growing memory demands of Key-Value (KV) cache, especially for longer sequences. Traditional KV cache eviction strategies, which discard less critical KV pairs based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zhongwei Wan , Xinjian Wu , Yu Zhang , Yi Xin , Chaofan Tao , Zhihong Zhu , Xin Wang , Siqi Luo , Jing Xiong , Longyue Wang , Mi Zhang

Quantizing the key-value (KV) cache is a promising strategy for improving the inference efficiency of large language models (LLMs). However, aggressive quantization to very low precision (e.g., 2 bits) introduces significant errors in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Utkarsh Saxena , Kaushik Roy

Diffusion language models offer parallel token generation and inherent bidirectionality, promising more efficient and powerful sequence modeling compared to autoregressive approaches. However, state-of-the-art diffusion models (e.g., Dream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Zhanqiu Hu , Jian Meng , Yash Akhauri , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Jae-sun Seo , Zhiru Zhang , Udit Gupta

Attention is the dominant source of latency during long-context LLM inference, an increasingly popular workload with reasoning models and RAG. We propose Kascade, a training-free sparse attention method that leverages known observations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Dhruv Deshmukh , Saurabh Goyal , Nipun Kwatra , Ramachandran Ramjee

We present QUOKA: Query-oriented KV selection for efficient attention, a training-free and hardware agnostic sparse attention algorithm for accelerating transformer inference under chunked prefill. While many queries focus on a smaller…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Dalton Jones , Junyoung Park , Matthew Morse , Mingu Lee , Chris Lott , Harper Langston

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) enable breakthroughs in reasoning and parallel decoding but suffer from prohibitive quadratic computational complexity and memory overhead during inference. Current caching techniques accelerate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Yuerong Song , Xiaoran Liu , Ruixiao Li , Zhigeng Liu , Zengfeng Huang , Qipeng Guo , Ziwei He , Xipeng Qiu

Long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant memory bottlenecks during inference due to the linear growth of key-value (KV) cache with sequence length. While individual optimization techniques like KV cache quantization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sai Gokhale , Devleena Das , Rajeev Patwari , Ashish Sirasao , Elliott Delaye

Diffusion-based large language models (Diffusion LLMs) have shown promise for non-autoregressive text generation with parallel decoding capabilities. However, the practical inference speed of open-sourced Diffusion LLMs often lags behind…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Chengyue Wu , Hao Zhang , Shuchen Xue , Zhijian Liu , Shizhe Diao , Ligeng Zhu , Ping Luo , Song Han , Enze Xie

Memory consumption of the Key-Value (KV) cache represents a major bottleneck for efficient large language model inference. While attention-score-based KV cache pruning shows promise, it faces critical practical limitations: attention scores…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Alessio Devoto , Maximilian Jeblick , Simon Jégou

Supporting long-context LLMs is challenging due to the substantial memory demands of the key-value (KV) cache. Existing offloading systems store the full cache in host memory and selectively fetch critical entries during decoding, but this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jian Lin , Jiazhi Mi , Zicong Hong , Haodong Wang , Qianli Liu , Haodyue Zhang , Peng Li , Song Guo

A critical approach for efficiently deploying computationally demanding large language models (LLMs) is Key-Value (KV) caching. The KV cache stores key-value states of previously generated tokens, significantly reducing the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Akide Liu , Jing Liu , Zizheng Pan , Yefei He , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang

Key-value (KV) caching has emerged as a crucial optimization technique for accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs). By allowing the attention operation to scale linearly rather than quadratically with the total sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Gopi Krishna Jha , Sameh Gobriel , Liubov Talamanova , Nilesh Jain
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