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While large language models (LLMs) excel on generation tasks, their decoder-only architecture often limits their potential as embedding models if no further representation finetuning is applied. Does this contradict their claim of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ziyue Li , Tianyi Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) with Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures are distinguished by their strong performance scaling with increasing parameters across a wide range of tasks, yet they also suffer from substantial computational and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yuzhuang Xu , Xu Han , Yuanchi Zhang , Yixuan Wang , Yijun Liu , Shiyu Ji , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures are evolving towards finer granularity to improve parameter efficiency. However, existing MoE designs face an inherent trade-off between the granularity of expert specialization and hardware execution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Jingze Shi , Zhangyang Peng , Yizhang Zhu , Yifan Wu , Guang Liu , Yuyu Luo

Model editing aims to efficiently alter the behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) within a desired scope, while ensuring no adverse impact on other inputs. Recent years have witnessed various model editing methods been proposed. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Renzhi Wang , Piji Li

Most recent state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures to scale model capacity without proportional per-token compute, enabling higher-quality outputs at manageable serving costs.…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a neural network architecture that adds sparsely activated expert blocks to a base model, increasing the number of parameters without impacting computational costs. However, current distributed deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Siddharth Singh , Olatunji Ruwase , Ammar Ahmad Awan , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He , Abhinav Bhatele

MoE models offer efficient scaling through conditional computation, but their large parameter size and expensive expert offloading make on-device deployment challenging. Existing acceleration techniques such as prefetching or expert…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yuseon Choi , Sangjin Kim , Jungjun Oh , Gwangtae Park , Byeongcheol Kim , Hoi-Jun Yoo

Mixture of Experts (MoE) offers remarkable performance and computational efficiency by selectively activating subsets of model parameters. Traditionally, MoE models use homogeneous experts, each with identical capacity. However, varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 An Wang , Xingwu Sun , Ruobing Xie , Shuaipeng Li , Jiaqi Zhu , Zhen Yang , Pinxue Zhao , J. N. Han , Zhanhui Kang , Di Wang , Naoaki Okazaki , Cheng-zhong Xu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enables efficient scaling of large language models by activating only a subset of experts per input token. However, deploying MoE-based models incurs significant memory overhead due to the need to retain all experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Geng Zhang , Yuxuan Han , Yuxuan Lou , Yiqi Zhang , Wangbo Zhao , Yang You

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), many deep learning practitioners are looking for strategies of running these models more efficiently. One such strategy is to use sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) - a type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Artyom Eliseev , Denis Mazur

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale capacity by routing each token to a small subset of experts. However, their routers exhibit a fundamental trade-off: strong load balancing can suppress expert specialization, while aggressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Gleb Molodtsov , Alexander Miasnikov , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a dominant paradigm for scaling large language models, but their rapidly growing parameter sizes introduce a fundamental inefficiency during inference: most expert weights remain idle in GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Qingxiu Liu , Cyril Y. He , Hanser Jiang , Zion Wang , Alan Zhao , Patrick P. C. Lee

Continual learning (CL) has garnered significant attention because of its ability to adapt to new tasks that arrive over time. Catastrophic forgetting (of old tasks) has been identified as a major issue in CL, as the model adapts to new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Hongbo Li , Sen Lin , Lingjie Duan , Yingbin Liang , Ness B. Shroff

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a subset of experts per input. However, we observe that the commonly used auxiliary load balancing loss often leads to expert…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hongcan Guo , Haolang Lu , Guoshun Nan , Bolun Chu , Jialin Zhuang , Yuan Yang , Wenhao Che , Xinye Cao , Sicong Leng , Qimei Cui , Xudong Jiang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models are typically pre-trained with explicit load-balancing constraints to ensure statistically balanced expert routing. Despite this, we observe that even well-trained MoE models exhibit significantly imbalanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Shrey Pandit , Austin Xu , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is now the dominant architecture for frontier language models, yet it requires all expert parameters to be loaded in memory, making it less preferable for memory-constrained deployment. Existing compression methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Junhyuck Kim , Jihun Yun , Haechan Kim , Gyeongman Kim , Joonghyun Bae , Jaewoong Cho

Recent studies have shown that combining parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) with mixture-of-experts (MoE) is an effective strategy for adapting large language models (LLMs) to the downstream tasks. However, most existing approaches rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yuan Zhuang , Yi Shen , Yuexin Bian , Qing Su , Shihao Ji , Yuanyuan Shi , Fei Miao

Large language models are typically deployed as monolithic systems, requiring the full model even when applications need only a narrow subset of capabilities, e.g., code, math, or domain-specific knowledge. Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ryan Wang , Akshita Bhagia , Sewon Min

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have shown strong multilingual capabilities, yet the internal mechanisms underlying performance gains and cross-language differences remain insufficiently understood. In this work, we conduct a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yuxin Chen , Zhengzhou Cai , Xiangtian Ji , Weixiang Zhao , An Zhang , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures face challenges such as high memory consumption and redundancy in experts. Pruning MoE can reduce network weights while maintaining model performance. Motivated by the recent observation of emergent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Yanyue Xie , Zhi Zhang , Ding Zhou , Cong Xie , Ziang Song , Xin Liu , Yanzhi Wang , Xue Lin , An Xu