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With the breakthrough progress of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing and multimodal tasks, efficiently deploying them on resource-constrained edge devices has become a critical challenge. The Mixture of Experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Tuo Zhang , Ning Li , Xin Yuan , Wenchao Xu , Quan Chen , Song Guo , Haijun Zhang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have become standard in large language models, yet many of their core design choices - expert count, granularity, shared experts, load balancing, token dropping - have only been studied one or two at a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Margaret Li , Sneha Kudugunta , Danielle Rothermel , Luke Zettlemoyer

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have demonstrated exceptional performance in large-scale language models. Existing routers typically rely on non-differentiable Top-$k$+Softmax, limiting their performance and scalability. We argue that two…

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) paradigm provides a powerful way to decompose dense layers into smaller, modular computations often more amenable to human interpretation, debugging, and editability. However, a major challenge lies in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-18 James Oldfield , Markos Georgopoulos , Grigorios G. Chrysos , Christos Tzelepis , Yannis Panagakis , Mihalis A. Nicolaou , Jiankang Deng , Ioannis Patras

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has demonstrated significant advantages as it enables to increase the model capacity without a proportional increase in computation. However, the large MoE model size still introduces substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Shuzhang Zhong , Yanfan Sun , Ling Liang , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang , Meng Li

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have enabled the scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) by achieving massive parameter counts while maintaining computational efficiency. However, MoEs introduce several…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layers activate a subset of model weights, dubbed experts, to improve model performance. MoE is particularly promising for deployment on process-in-memory (PIM) architectures, because PIM can naturally fit experts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hanyuan Gao , Xiaoxuan Yang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable scalable performance by activating large parameter sets sparsely, minimizing computational overhead. To mitigate the prohibitive cost of training MoEs from scratch, recent work employs upcycling,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Qi Wang , Hanyang Peng , Yue Yu

The emergence of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has transformed the scaling of large language models by enabling vast model capacity through sparse activation. Yet, converting these performance gains into practical edge deployment remains…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Tian Wu , Liming Wang , Zijian Wen , Xiaoxi Zhang , Xu Chen , Jingpu Duan , Xianwei Zhang , Jinhang Zuo

We present MoE-MLA-RoPE, a novel architecture combination that combines Mixture of Experts (MoE) with Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA) and Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE) for efficient language modeling. Our approach addresses the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Sushant Mehta , Raj Dandekar , Rajat Dandekar , Sreedath Panat

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) is gaining increasing attention due to its unique properties and remarkable performance, especially for language tasks. By sparsely activating a subset of parameters for each token, MoE architecture could increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ka Man Lo , Zeyu Huang , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Jie Fu

Mixture-of-Experts is a promising approach for edge AI with low-batch inference. Yet, on-device deployments often face limited on-chip memory and severe workload imbalance; the prevalent use of offloading further incurs off-chip memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Songchen Ma , Hongyi Li , Weihao Zhang , Yonghao Tan , Pingcheng Dong , Yu Liu , Lan Liu , Yuzhong Jiao , Xuejiao Liu , Luhong Liang , Kwang-Ting Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant success in various natural language processing tasks, but the role of wireless networks in supporting LLMs has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we propose a wireless…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Nan Xue , Yaping Sun , Zhiyong Chen , Meixia Tao , Xiaodong Xu , Liang Qian , Shuguang Cui , Wenjun Zhang , Ping Zhang

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) approach has demonstrated outstanding scalability in multi-task learning including low-level upstream tasks such as concurrent removal of multiple adverse weather effects. However, the conventional MoE…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Rongyu Zhang , Yulin Luo , Jiaming Liu , Huanrui Yang , Zhen Dong , Denis Gudovskiy , Tomoyuki Okuno , Yohei Nakata , Kurt Keutzer , Yuan Du , Shanghang Zhang

Sparse Mixture of Expert (MoE) models are popular foundational architectures at large scale, however, under-explored at smaller sizes. Here, we show how to enable Compact Sparse Mixture of Experts (CoSMoEs) for on-device inference.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Patrick Huber , Akshat Shrivastava , Ernie Chang , Chinnadhurai Sankar , Ahmed Aly , Adithya Sagar

The deployment of large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models on edge devices presents significant challenges due to memory constraints. While MoE architectures enable efficient utilization of computational resources by activating only a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Nishant Gavhane , Arush Mehrotra , Rohit Chawla , Peter Proenca

Larger transformer models always perform better on various tasks but require more costs to scale up the model size. To efficiently enlarge models, the mixture-of-experts (MoE) architecture is widely adopted, which consists of a gate network…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Xiaonan Nie , Qibin Liu , Fangcheng Fu , Shenhan Zhu , Xupeng Miao , Xiaoyang Li , Yang Zhang , Shouda Liu , Bin Cui

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture in large language models, highlighting its ability to significantly enhance model performance while maintaining minimal computational overhead. Through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Danyang Zhang , Junhao Song , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Yingfang Yuan , Tianyang Wang , Joe Yeong , Junfeng Hao

Standard Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models rely on centralized routing mechanisms that introduce rigid inductive biases. We propose Routing-Free MoE which eliminates any hard-coded centralized designs including external routers, Softmax,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yilun Liu , Jinru Han , Sikuan Yan , Volker Tresp , Yunpu Ma

The Mixture of Experts MoE architecture is highly promising for resource constrained on device deployments yet training these models from scratch incurs prohibitive costs Current methods attempt to alleviate this by upcycling dense models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Fengfa Li , Hongjin Ji , Yifeng Ding , Lei Ren , Chen Wei
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