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The performance of quantum gates is often assessed using some form of randomized benchmarking. However, the existing methods become infeasible for more than approximately five qubits. Here we show how to use a simple and customizable class…

We study how well topological quantum codes can tolerate coherent noise caused by systematic unitary errors such as unwanted $Z$-rotations. Our main result is an efficient algorithm for simulating quantum error correction protocols based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-01 Sergey Bravyi , Matthias Englbrecht , Robert Koenig , Nolan Peard

We provide a polynomial-time classical algorithm for noisy quantum circuits. The algorithm computes the expectation value of any observable for any circuit, with a small average error over input states drawn from an ensemble (e.g. the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Thomas Schuster , Chao Yin , Xun Gao , Norman Y. Yao

In the current NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) era, simulating and verifying noisy quantum circuits is crucial but faces challenges such as quantum state explosion and complex noise representations, constraining simulation and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Mingyu Huang , Ji Guan , Wang Fang , Mingsheng Ying

Two schemes are presented that mitigate the effect of errors and decoherence in short depth quantum circuits. The size of the circuits for which these techniques can be applied is limited by the rate at which the errors in the computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-08 Kristan Temme , Sergey Bravyi , Jay M. Gambetta

Let G(A,B) denote the 2-qubit gate which acts as the 1-qubit SU(2) gates A and B in the even and odd parity subspaces respectively, of two qubits. Using a Clifford algebra formalism we show that arbitrary uniform families of circuits of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-19 Richard Jozsa , Akimasa Miyake

Error mitigation is likely to be key in obtaining near term quantum advantage. In this work we present one of the first implementations of several Clifford data regression based methods which are used to mitigate the effect of noise in real…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-23 Alejandro Sopena , Max Hunter Gordon , Germán Sierra , Esperanza López

Recent work of Bravyi et al. and follow-up work by Bene Watts et al. demonstrates a quantum advantage for shallow circuits: constant-depth quantum circuits can perform a task which constant-depth classical (i.e., AC$^0$) circuits cannot.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-07 Daniel Grier , Luke Schaeffer

The Eastin-Knill theorem states that no quantum error correcting code can have a universal set of transversal gates. For CSS codes that can implement Clifford gates transversally it suffices to provide one additional non-Clifford gate, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-15 Christophe Piveteau , David Sutter , Sergey Bravyi , Jay M. Gambetta , Kristan Temme

Noise in quantum devices is generally considered detrimental to computational accuracy. However, the recent proposal of noise-assisted simulation has demonstrated that noise can be an asset in digital quantum simulations of open systems on…

Recent work by Bravyi et al. constructs a relation problem that a noisy constant-depth quantum circuit (QNC$^0$) can solve with near certainty (probability $1 - o(1)$), but that any bounded fan-in constant-depth classical circuit (NC$^0$)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-29 Daniel Grier , Nathan Ju , Luke Schaeffer

We present a robust shadow estimation protocol for wide classes of low-depth measurement circuits that mitigates noise as long as the effective measurement map including noise is locally unitarily invariant. This is in practice an excellent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Renato M. S. Farias , Raghavendra D. Peddinti , Ingo Roth , Leandro Aolita

The success probability of a quantum algorithm constructed from noisy quantum gates cannot be accurately predicted from single parameter metrics that compare noisy and ideal gates. We illustrate this concept by examining a system with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 Daniel C. Murphy , Kenneth R. Brown

Noise detrimentally affects quantum computations so that they not only become less accurate but also easier to simulate classically as systems scale up. We construct a classical simulation algorithm, LOWESA (low weight efficient simulation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-09 Enrico Fontana , Manuel S. Rudolph , Ross Duncan , Ivan Rungger , Cristina Cîrstoiu

We present two classical algorithms for the simulation of universal quantum circuits on $n$ qubits constructed from $c$ instances of Clifford gates and $t$ arbitrary-angle $Z$-rotation gates such as $T$ gates. Our algorithms complement each…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-27 Hakop Pashayan , Oliver Reardon-Smith , Kamil Korzekwa , Stephen D. Bartlett

The conventional circuit paradigm, utilizing a limited number of gates to construct arbitrary quantum circuits, is hindered by significant noise overhead. For instance, the standard gate paradigm employs two CNOT gates for the partial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Jader P. Santos , Ben Bar , Raam Uzdin

Quantum computers can efficiently simulate Lindbladian dynamics, enabling powerful applications in open system simulation, thermal and ground-state preparation, autonomous quantum error correction, dissipative engineering, and more. Despite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Wenjun Yu , Xiaogang Li , Qi Zhao , Xiao Yuan

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is critical for harnessing the potential of near-term quantum devices. Particularly, QEM protocols can be designed based on machine learning, where the mapping between noisy computational outputs and ideal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-13 Ruiqi Zhang , Yuguo Shao , Fuchuan Wei , Song Cheng , Zhaohui Wei , Zhengwei Liu

Noise is both ubiquitous and generally deleterious in settings where precision is required. This is especially true in the quantum technology sector where system utility typically decays rapidly under its influence. Understanding the noise…

Twirling noise affecting quantum gates is essential in understanding and controlling errors, but applicable operations to noise are usually restricted by symmetries inherent in quantum gates. In this work, we propose symmetric Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Kento Tsubouchi , Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Kunal Sharma , Nobuyuki Yoshioka