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Large language models encapsulate knowledge and have demonstrated superior performance on various natural language processing tasks. Recent studies have localized this knowledge to specific model parameters, such as the MLP weights in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yifan Wei , Xiaoyan Yu , Yixuan Weng , Huanhuan Ma , Yuanzhe Zhang , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been shown to perform well for many downstream tasks. Transfer learning can enable LLMs to acquire skills that were not targeted during pre-training. In financial contexts, LLMs can sometimes beat…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-01-08 Felix Drinkall , Janet B. Pierrehumbert , Stefan Zohren

Despite the increasing prevalence of large language models (LLMs), we still have a limited understanding of how their representational spaces are structured. This limits our ability to interpret how and what they learn or relate them to…

Large language models (LLMs) are demonstrably capable of cross-lingual transfer, but can produce inconsistent output when prompted with the same queries written in different languages. To understand how language models are able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zheng Wei Lim , Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn

Large language models (LLMs) can recall a wide range of factual knowledge across languages. However, existing factual recall evaluations primarily assess fact retrieval in isolation, where the queried entity is explicitly named and the fact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yihong Liu , Bingyu Xiong , Hinrich Schütze

Large Language Models (LLMs) can produce surprisingly sophisticated estimates of their own uncertainty. However, it remains unclear to what extent this expressed confidence is tied to the reasoning, knowledge, or decision making of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiawei Wang , Yanfei Zhou , Siddartha Devic , Deqing Fu

Large language models (LLMs) can struggle to memorize factual knowledge in their parameters, often leading to hallucinations and poor performance on knowledge-intensive tasks. In this paper, we formalize fact memorization from an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiayuan Ye , Vitaly Feldman , Kunal Talwar

With the advent of large language models (LLMs), the trend in NLP has been to train LLMs on vast amounts of data to solve diverse language understanding and generation tasks. The list of LLM successes is long and varied. Nevertheless,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Nicholas Asher , Swarnadeep Bhar , Akshay Chaturvedi , Julie Hunter , Soumya Paul

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance through training on massive datasets, they can exhibit concerning behaviors such as verbatim reproduction of training data rather than true generalization. This memorization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Albérick Euraste Djiré , Abdoul Kader Kaboré , Earl T. Barr , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

The impressive linguistic abilities of large language models (LLMs) have recommended them as models of human sentence processing, with some conjecturing a positive 'quality-power' relationship (Wilcox et al., 2023), in which language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yi-Chien Lin , Hongao Zhu , William Schuler

As large language models (LLMs) are applied across diverse domains, the ability to selectively unlearn specific information is becoming increasingly essential. For instance, LLMs are expected to selectively provide confidential information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Shota Takashiro , Takeshi Kojima , Andrew Gambardella , Qi Cao , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in time series analysis and seems to understand the time temporal relationship well than traditional transformer-based approaches. However, since LLMs are not designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Liangwei Nathan Zheng , Chang George Dong , Wei Emma Zhang , Lin Yue , Miao Xu , Olaf Maennel , Weitong Chen

The training and inference of large language models (LLMs) are together a costly process that transports knowledge from raw data to meaningful computation. Inspired by the memory hierarchy of the human brain, we reduce this cost by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Hongkang Yang , Zehao Lin , Wenjin Wang , Hao Wu , Zhiyu Li , Bo Tang , Wenqiang Wei , Jinbo Wang , Zeyun Tang , Shichao Song , Chenyang Xi , Yu Yu , Kai Chen , Feiyu Xiong , Linpeng Tang , Weinan E

Large language models (LLMs) show an innate skill for solving language based tasks. But insights have suggested an inability to adjust for information or task-solving skills becoming outdated, as their knowledge, stored directly within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Sarath Chandar

Post-training is essential for the success of large language models (LLMs), transforming pre-trained base models into more useful and aligned post-trained models. While plenty of works have studied post-training algorithms and evaluated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hongzhe Du , Weikai Li , Min Cai , Karim Saraipour , Zimin Zhang , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Yizhou Sun , Shichang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) could be valuable personal AI agents across various domains, provided they can precisely follow user instructions. However, recent studies have shown significant limitations in LLMs' instruction-following…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Juyeon Heo , Miao Xiong , Christina Heinze-Deml , Jaya Narain

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been successfully applied to regression tasks -- such as time series forecasting and tabular prediction -- by leveraging their in-context learning abilities. However, their autoregressive decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Julianna Piskorz , Katarzyna Kobalczyk , Mihaela van der Schaar

Previous literatures show that pre-trained masked language models (MLMs) such as BERT can achieve competitive factual knowledge extraction performance on some datasets, indicating that MLMs can potentially be a reliable knowledge source. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Boxi Cao , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Lingyong Yan , Meng Liao , Tong Xue , Jin Xu

The widespread public deployment of large language models (LLMs) in recent months has prompted a wave of new attention and engagement from advocates, policymakers, and scholars from many fields. This attention is a timely response to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Samuel R. Bowman

The statistical study of human memory requires large-scale experiments, involving many stimuli conditions and test subjects. While this approach has proven to be quite fruitful for meaningless material such as random lists of words,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Antonios Georgiou , Tankut Can , Mikhail Katkov , Misha Tsodyks