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As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, ensuring their fair responses across demographics has become crucial. Despite many efforts, an ongoing challenge is hidden bias: LLMs appear fair under…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Kahee Lim , Soyeon Kim , Steven Euijong Whang

Despite the strong performance of large language models (LLMs) across diverse tasks, their susceptibility to adversarial attacks and unsafe content generation remains a significant obstacle to deployment, particularly in high-stakes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Thanh Q. Tran , Arun Verma , Kiwan Wong , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low , Daniela Rus , Wei Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential as tools to support an expanding range of decision-making tasks. Given their training on human (created) data, LLMs have been shown to inherit societal biases against protected…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jessica Echterhoff , Yao Liu , Abeer Alessa , Julian McAuley , Zexue He

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are gaining increasing attention. Due to the heterogeneity of their input features, they face significant challenges in terms of jailbreak defenses. Current defense methods rely on costly fine-tuning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xinyi Zeng , Xue Yang , Jingyuan Zhang , Huanqian Yan , Xiang Chen , Kaiwen Wei , Hankun Kang , Yu Tian

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite advances in instruction tuning, often fail to follow complex user instructions. Activation steering techniques aim to mitigate this by manipulating model internals, but have a potential risk of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Minjae Kang , Jaehyung Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes decision-making contexts. While prior work has shown that LLMs exhibit cognitive biases behaviorally, whether these biases correspond to identifiable internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Fan Huang , Songheng Zhang , Haewoon Kwak , Jisun An

Training large language models (LLMs) is a costly endeavour in terms of time and computational resources. The large amount of training data used during the unsupervised pre-training phase makes it difficult to verify all data and,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Swanand Ravindra Kadhe , Anisa Halimi , Ambrish Rawat , Nathalie Baracaldo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown powerful performance and development prospects and are widely deployed in the real world. However, LLMs can capture social biases from unprocessed training data and propagate the biases to downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Yingji Li , Mengnan Du , Rui Song , Xin Wang , Ying Wang

Large Multi-Modal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities as general-purpose chatbots able to engage in conversations about visual inputs. However, their responses are influenced by societal biases present in their training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Neale Ratzlaff , Matthew Lyle Olson , Musashi Hinck , Estelle Aflalo , Shao-Yen Tseng , Vasudev Lal , Phillip Howard

LLMs have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse applications, yet they inadvertently absorb spurious correlations from training data, leading to stereotype associations between biased concepts and specific social groups. These…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Yisong Xiao , Aishan Liu , Siyuan Liang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across various tasks, yet guiding them to follow desired behaviours during inference remains a significant challenge. Activation steering offers a promising method to control the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Weixuan Wang , Minghao Wu , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Recent advancements in language models (LMs) have marked a shift toward the growing importance of post-training. Yet, post-training approaches such as supervised fine-tuning (SFT) do not guarantee the effective use of knowledge acquired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Chunyuan Deng , Ruidi Chang , Hanjie Chen

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing capabilities but are susceptible to biases present in their training data, leading to unfair outcomes in various applications. While numerous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Sana Ebrahimi , Kaiwen Chen , Abolfazl Asudeh , Gautam Das , Nick Koudas

Inference-time steering is widely regarded as a lightweight and parameter-free mechanism for controlling large language model (LLM) behavior, and prior work has often suggested that simple activation-level interventions can reliably induce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zikang Ding , Qiying Hu , Yi Zhang , Hongji Li , Junchi Yao , Hongbo Liu , Lijie Hu

Existing debiasing methods inevitably make unreasonable or undesired predictions as they are designated and evaluated to achieve parity across different social groups but leave aside individual facts, resulting in modified existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Ruizhe Chen , Yichen Li , Zikai Xiao , Zuozhu Liu

As the capabilities of Vision Language Models (VLMs) continue to improve, they are increasingly targeted by jailbreak attacks. Existing defense methods face two major limitations: (1) they struggle to ensure safety without compromising the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Xiyu Zeng , Siyuan Liang , Liming Lu , Haotian Zhu , Enguang Liu , Jisheng Dang , Yongbin Zhou , Shuchao Pang

In many real-world applications, users rely on natural language instructions to guide large language models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks. These instructions are often complex, diverse, and subject to frequent change. However, LLMs do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Praveen Venkateswaran , Danish Contractor

Large Language Models (LLMs) are important tools for reasoning and problem-solving, while they often operate passively, answering questions without actively discovering new ones. This limitation reduces their ability to simulate human-like…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Hong Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) inherit explicit and implicit biases from their training datasets. Identifying and mitigating biases in LLMs is crucial to ensure fair outputs, as they can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and misinformation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Fatima Kazi , Alex Young , Yash Inani , Setareh Rafatirad

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown strong performance as zero-shot rankers, yet their effectiveness is highly sensitive to prompt formulation, particularly role-play instructions. Prior analyses suggest that role-related…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yumeng Wang , Catherine Chen , Suzan Verberne