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Large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional performance across a wide range of tasks; however, their token-by-token autoregressive generation process significantly hinders inference speed. Speculative decoding presents a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Kai Lv , Honglin Guo , Qipeng Guo , Xipeng Qiu

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance in generative tasks but also introduce significant challenges in real-world serving due to inefficient use of the expensive, computation-optimized accelerators.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Shaoyuan Chen , Wencong Xiao , Yutong Lin , Mingxing Zhang , Yingdi Shan , Jinlei Jiang , Kang Chen , Yongwei Wu

Despite the remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs) across a range of tasks, mathematical reasoning remains a challenging frontier. Motivated by the observation that humans learn more effectively when prompted not what to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Maria-Eleni Zoumpoulidi , Georgios Paraskevopoulos , Alexandros Potamianos

Large Language Models (LLMs) are wildly popular today and it is important to serve them efficiently. Existing LLM serving systems are stateless across requests. Consequently, when LLMs are used in the common setting of multi-turn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Lingfan Yu , Jinkun Lin , Jinyang Li

The computational complexity of large language model (LLM) inference significantly constrains their deployment efficiency on edge devices. In contrast, small language models offer faster decoding and lower resource consumption but often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Jianshu She , Wenhao Zheng , Zhengzhong Liu , Hongyi Wang , Eric Xing , Huaxiu Yao , Qirong Ho

Federated fine-tuning of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)-based large language models (LLMs) is challenging due to their massive computational requirements and the resource constraints of participants. Existing working attempts to fill this gap…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Fahao Chen , Jie Wan , Peng Li , Zhou Su , Dongxiao Yu

As machine learning techniques are applied to a widening range of applications, high throughput machine learning (ML) inference servers have become critical for online service applications. Such ML inference servers pose two challenges:…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Seungbeom Choi , Sunho Lee , Yeonjae Kim , Jongse Park , Youngjin Kwon , Jaehyuk Huh

Deploying a large language model (LLM) inference service remains costly because centralized serving depends on specialized GPU clusters and high-bandwidth interconnects in datacenters. An appealing alternative is to leverage collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Chris Tong , Youhe Jiang , Gufeng Chen , Tianyi Zhao , Sibian Lu , Wenjie Qu , Eric Yang , Lynn Ai , Binhang Yuan

Efficient inference of LLMs remains a crucial challenge, with two main phases: a compute-intensive prompt computation and a memory-intensive token generation. Despite existing batching and scheduling techniques, token generation phases fail…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Asad Aali , Adney Cardoza , Melissa Capo

Large Language Model (LLM) inference on large-scale systems is expected to dominate future cloud infrastructures. Efficient LLM inference in cloud environments with numerous AI accelerators is challenging, necessitating extensive…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Ilias Bournias , Lukas Cavigelli , Georgios Zacharopoulos

In production environments, large language model (LLM) serving is required to meet stringent service-level objectives (SLOs) amid highly variable request patterns. In practice, request lengths follow a long-tail distribution, which gives…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Qipeng Wang

The success of large language models LLMs amplifies the need for highthroughput energyefficient inference at scale. 3DDRAMbased accelerators provide high memory bandwidth and therefore an opportunity to accelerate the bandwidthbound decode…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-10 Qipan Wang , Zhe Zhang , Shuangchen Li , Hongzhong Zheng , Zheng Liang , Yibo Lin , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

Distributed prefix caching has become a core technique for efficient LLM serving. However, for long-context requests with high cache hit ratios, retrieving reusable KVCache blocks from remote servers has emerged as a new performance…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Weiye Wang , Chen Chen , Junxue Zhang , Zhusheng Wang , Hui Yuan , Zixuan Guan , Xiaolong Zheng , Qizhen Weng , Yin Chen , Minyi Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on inference-time reasoning algorithms such as chain-of-thought and multi-branch reasoning to improve accuracy on complex tasks. These methods, however, substantially increase token usage and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weifan Jiang , Rana Shahout , Yilun Du , Michael Mitzenmacher , Minlan Yu

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled diverse applications with very different latency requirements. Existing LLM serving frameworks rely on siloed infrastructure with coarse-grained workload segregation --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Kanishk Goel , Jayashree Mohan , Nipun Kwatra , Ravi Shreyas Anupindi , Ramachandran Ramjee

Efficiently deploying large language models (LLMs) in real-world scenarios remains a critical challenge, primarily due to hardware heterogeneity, inference framework limitations, and workload complexities.Efficiently deploying large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yanyu Chen , Ganhong Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in English, but their performance degrades significantly on low-resource languages (LRLs) due to English-centric training. While methods like LangBridge align LLMs with multilingual encoders such as the…

Global cloud service providers handle inference workloads for Large Language Models (LLMs) that span latency-sensitive (e.g., chatbots) and insensitive (e.g., report writing) tasks, resulting in diverse and often conflicting Service Level…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shashwat Jaiswal , Kunal Jain , Yogesh Simmhan , Anjaly Parayil , Ankur Mallick , Rujia Wang , Renee St. Amant , Chetan Bansal , Victor Rühle , Anoop Kulkarni , Steve Kofsky , Saravan Rajmohan

Large-scale GPU clusters are widely-used to speed up both latency-critical (online) and best-effort (offline) deep learning (DL) workloads. However, most DL clusters either dedicate each GPU to one workload or share workloads in time,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Yihao Zhao , Xin Liu , Shufan Liu , Xiang Li , Yibo Zhu , Gang Huang , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) extend Large Language Models (LLMs) by handling diverse inputs such as images, audio, and video, but at the cost of adding a multimodal encoding stage that increases both computational and memory overhead.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Gursimran Singh , Xinglu Wang , Yifan Hu , Timothy Yu , Linzi Xing , Wei Jiang , Zhefeng Wang , Xiaolong Bai , Yi Li , Ying Xiong , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan
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