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In generalized Lebesgue spaces L^{p(.)} with variable exponent p(.) defined on the real axis, we obtain several inequalities of approximation by integral functions of finite degree. Approximation properties of Bernstein singular integrals…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2021-09-06 Ramazan Akgün

We introduce a multiplicative neural network architecture in which multiplicative interactions constitute the fundamental representation, rather than appearing as auxiliary components within an additive model. We establish a universal…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Hee-Sun Choi , Beom-Seok Han

A previous study analyzed the convergence of probability densities for forward and inverse problems when a sequence of approximate maps between model inputs and outputs converges in $L^\infty$. This work generalizes the analysis to cases…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-01-14 Troy Butler , Tim Wildey , Wenjuan Zhang

In this paper, we develop a wavelet-based theoretical framework for analyzing the universal approximation capabilities of neural networks over a wide range of activation functions. Leveraging wavelet frame theory on the spaces of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Youngmi Hur , Hyojae Lim , Mikyoung Lim

In this paper, a universal approximation theorem (UAT) for shallow neural networks whose inputs belong to a topological vector space (TVS) and whose outputs take values in a Hausdorff locally convex TVS is established. The networks are…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Sachin Saini

We examine the necessary and sufficient complexity of neural networks to approximate functions from different smoothness spaces under the restriction of encodable network weights. Based on an entropy argument, we start by proving lower…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-09-21 Ingo Gühring , Mones Raslan

The Universal Approximation Theorem posits that neural networks can theoretically possess unlimited approximation capacity with a suitable activation function and a freely chosen or trained set of parameters. However, a more practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Li Liu , Tengchao Yu , Heng Yong

We identify various classes of neural networks that are able to approximate continuous functions locally uniformly subject to fixed global linear growth constraints. For such neural networks the associated neural stochastic differential…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-03-24 Anna P. Kwossek , David J. Prömel , Josef Teichmann

In this paper, we establish universal approximation theorems for neural networks applied to general nonlinear ill-posed operator equations. In addition to the approximation error, the measurement error is also taken into account in our…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-21 Lan Wang , Qiao Zhu , Bangti Jin , Ye Zhang

Deep learning architectures are highly diverse. To prove their universal approximation properties, existing works typically rely on model-specific proofs. Generally, they construct a dedicated mathematical formulation for each architecture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Wei Wang

Many classical problems in theoretical computer science involve norm, even if implicitly; for example, both XOS functions and downward-closed sets are equivalent to some norms. The last decade has seen a lot of interest in designing…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Thomas Kesselheim , Marco Molinaro , Sahil Singla

We establish $L^p$-type universal approximation theorems for general and non-anticipative functionals on suitable rough path spaces, showing that linear functionals acting on signatures of time-extended rough paths are dense with respect to…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-19 Mihriban Ceylan , David J. Prömel

We make the case for neural network objects and extend an already existing neural network calculus explained in detail in Chapter 2 on \cite{bigbook}. Our aim will be to show that, yes, indeed, it makes sense to talk about neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Shakil Rafi , Joshua Lee Padgett , Ukash Nakarmi

This paper extends the universal approximation property of single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks beyond compact domains, which is of particular interest for the approximation within weighted $C^k$-spaces and weighted Sobolev…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-08 Ariel Neufeld , Philipp Schmocker

Universal approximation theorems establish the expressive capacity of neural network architectures. For dynamical systems, existing results are limited to finite time horizons or systems with a globally stable equilibrium, leaving…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Abel Sagodi , Il Memming Park

The universal approximation theorem, in one of its most general versions, says that if we consider only continuous activation functions $\sigma$, then a standard feedforward neural network with one hidden layer is able to approximate any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Kai Fong Ernest Chong

Universal approximation theorem suggests that a shallow neural network can approximate any function. The input to neurons at each layer is a weighted sum of previous layer neurons and then an activation is applied. These activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Bhaavan Goel

In this paper, we introduce Mellin-Steklov exponential samplingoperators of order $r,r\in\mathbb{N}$, by considering appropriate Mellin-Steklov integrals. We investigate the approximation properties of these operators in continuousbounded…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-15 D Ozer , S Kursun , T Acar

We define a neural network in infinite dimensional spaces for which we can show the universal approximation property. Indeed, we derive approximation results for continuous functions from a Fr\'echet space $\X$ into a Banach space $\Y$. The…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-18 Fred Espen Benth , Nils Detering , Luca Galimberti

We develop a general framework for data-driven approximation of input-output maps between infinite-dimensional spaces. The proposed approach is motivated by the recent successes of neural networks and deep learning, in combination with…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-06-21 Kaushik Bhattacharya , Bamdad Hosseini , Nikola B. Kovachki , Andrew M. Stuart