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Nonresponse arises frequently in surveys and follow-ups are routinely made to increase the response rate. In order to monitor the follow-up process, callback data have been used in social sciences and survey studies for decades. In modern…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-03 Wang Miao , Xinyu Li , Ping Zhang , Baoluo Sun

The Current Population Survey is the gold-standard data source for studying who turns out to vote in elections. However, it suffers from potentially nonignorable unit and item nonresponse. Fortunately, after elections, the total number of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-15 Jiurui Tang , D. Sunshine Hillygus , Jerome P. Reiter

Many political surveys rely on post-stratification, raking, or related weighting adjustments to align respondents with the target population. But when respondents differ from nonrespondents on the outcome itself (nonignorable nonresponse),…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-26 Lukáš Lafférs , Jozef Michal Mintal , Ivan Sutóris

Often, government agencies and survey organizations know the population counts or percentages for some of the variables in a survey. These may be available from auxiliary sources, for example, administrative databases or other high quality…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-12 Olanrewaju Akande , Gabriel Madson , D. Sunshine Hillygus , Jerome P. Reiter

This paper develops semiparametric methods for estimation and inference of widely used inequality measures when survey data are subject to nonignorable nonresponse, a challenging setting in which response probabilities depend on the…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-16 Xinyu Wang , Chunlin Wang , Tao Yu , Pengfei Li

The topic of this paper is prevalence estimation from the perspective of active information. Prevalence among tested individuals has an upward bias under the assumption that individuals' willingness to be tested for the disease increases…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-13 Ola Hössjer , Daniel Andrés Díaz-Pachón , Chen Zhao , J. Sunil Rao

With historic misses in the 2016 and 2020 US Presidential elections, interest in measuring polling errors has increased. The most common method for measuring directional errors and non-sampling excess variability during a postmortem for an…

Applications · Statistics 2023-02-21 Graham Tierney , Alexander Volfovsky

We fit discrete time survival models to data from an online probability panel, where the outcome is the respondent first nonresponse to a survey invitation, following at least one previous survey completion. This approach has the advantage…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-08 Katya Kostadintcheva , Jouni Kuha , Patrick Sturgis

Nonresponse is present in almost all surveys and can severely bias estimates. It is usually distinguished between unit and item nonresponse: in the former, we completely fail to have information from a unit selected in the sample, while in…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-08-25 Alina Matei , M. Giovanna Ranalli

We present an approach to inform decisions about nonresponse follow-up sampling. The basic idea is (i) to create completed samples by imputing nonrespondents' data under various assumptions about the nonresponse mechanisms, (ii) take…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-16 Thais Paiva , Jerry Reiter

We introduce a method to make inference on the composition of a heterogeneous population using survey data, accounting for the possibility that capture heterogeneity is related to key survey variables. To deal with nonignorable nonresponse,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-18 Veronica Ballerini , Brunero Liseo

Survey weighting allows researchers to account for bias in survey samples, due to unit nonresponse or convenience sampling, using measured demographic covariates. Unfortunately, in practice, it is impossible to know whether the estimated…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-07 Erin Hartman , Melody Huang

When subjects who respond to requests for data, such as in surveys or post-treatment follow-up, are not representative of the population as a whole, inferences drawn from the data can be misleading. We show that if subjects' accumulated…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-24 Clint Harris , Jonathan T. Eckhardt , Brent Goldfarb

Nonignorable missing data, where the probability of missingness depends on unobserved values, presents a significant challenge in statistical analysis. Traditional methods often rely on strong parametric assumptions that are difficult to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-19 Yujie Zhao

Statistical inference with non-probability survey samples is an emerging topic in survey sampling and official statistics and has gained increased attention from researchers and practitioners in the field. Much of the existing literature,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-07 Yang Liu , Meng Yuan , Pengfei Li , Changbao Wu

Statistical inference with nonresponse is quite challenging, especially when the response mechanism is nonignorable. The existing methods often require correct model specifications for both outcome and response models. However, due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-09-12 Hejian Sang , Kosuke Morikawa

Elections, the cornerstone of democratic societies, are usually regarded as unpredictable due to the complex interactions that shape them at different levels. In this work, we show that voter turnouts contain crucial information that can be…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-01-06 Ritam Pal , Aanjaneya Kumar , M. S. Santhanam

Missing data often result in undesirable bias and loss of efficiency. These issues become substantial when the response mechanism is nonignorable, meaning that the response model depends on unobserved variables. To manage nonignorable…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-30 Kenji Beppu , Jinung Choi , Kosuke Morikawa , Jongho Im

Data missing not at random (MNAR) is a major challenge in survey sampling. We propose an approach based on registry data to deal with non-ignorable missingness in health examination surveys. The approach relies on follow-up data available…

Applications · Statistics 2016-10-31 Juho Kopra , Tommi Härkänen , Hanna Tolonen , Juha Karvanen

Testing the homogeneity of two distributions is fundamental in statistics, but classical procedures may fail under nonignorable nonresponse. In many surveys, callback data record repeated contact attempts and provide auxiliary information…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-24 Xinyu Wang , Tao Yu , Chunlin Wang , Pengfei Li
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