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The Gottesman-Knill theorem says that a stabilizer circuit -- that is, a quantum circuit consisting solely of CNOT, Hadamard, and phase gates -- can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. This paper improves that theorem in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Scott Aaronson , Daniel Gottesman

According to the Gottesman-Knill theorem, a class of quantum circuits, namely the so-called stabilizer circuits, can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. We introduce a new algorithm for this task, which is based on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Simon Anders , Hans J. Briegel

The Gottesman-Knill theorem allows for the efficient simulation of stabilizer-based quantum error-correction circuits. Errors in these circuits are commonly modeled as depolarizing channels by using Monte Carlo methods to insert Pauli gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-27 Mauricio Gutiérrez , Lukas Svec , Alexander Vargo , Kenneth R. Brown

We study classical simulation of quantum computation, taking the Gottesman-Knill theorem as a starting point. We show how each Clifford circuit can be reduced to an equivalent, manifestly simulatable circuit (normal form). This provides a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-20 M. Van den Nest

The Gottesman-Knill theorem asserts that quantum circuits composed solely of Clifford gates can be efficiently simulated classically. This theorem hinges on the fact that Clifford gates map Pauli strings to other Pauli strings, thereby…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 George Biswas

The Gottesman-Knill theorem states that a Clifford circuit acting on stabilizer states can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. Recently, this result has been generalized to cover inputs that are close to a coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-24 Arne Heimendahl , Felipe Montealegre-Mora , Frank Vallentin , David Gross

The standard stabilizer formalism provides a setting to show that quantum computation restricted to operations within the Clifford group are classically efficiently simulable: this is the content of the well-known Gottesman-Knill theorem.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Éloi Descamps , Borivoje Dakić

The Gottesman-Knill theorem asserts that a quantum circuit composed of Clifford gates can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer. Here we revisit this theorem and extend it to quantum circuits composed of Clifford and T gates,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-11 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset

Efficient simulation of quantum computers relies on understanding and exploiting the properties of quantum states. This is the case for methods such as tensor networks, based on entanglement, and the tableau formalism, which represents…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-25 Sergi Masot-Llima , Artur Garcia-Saez

Stabiliser operations occupy a prominent role in fault-tolerant quantum computing. They are defined operationally: by the use of Clifford gates, Pauli measurements and classical control. These operations can be efficiently simulated on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Arne Heimendahl , Markus Heinrich , David Gross

Quantum normalizer circuits were recently introduced as generalizations of Clifford circuits [arXiv:1201.4867]: a normalizer circuit over a finite Abelian group $G$ is composed of the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) over G, together with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-09 Juan Bermejo-Vega , Maarten Van den Nest

Efficiently simulating quantum circuits on classical computers is a fundamental challenge in quantum computing. This paper presents a novel theoretical approach that achieves substantial speedups over existing simulators for a wide class of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Daksh Shami

The classical simulation of quantum dynamics plays an important role in our understanding of quantum complexity, and in the development of quantum technologies. Efficient techniques such as those based on the Gottesman-Knill theorem for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Matthew L. Goh , Martin Larocca , Lukasz Cincio , M. Cerezo , Frédéric Sauvage

The stabilizer formalism is a scheme, generalizing well-known techniques developed by Gottesman [quant-ph/9705052] in the case of qubits, to efficiently simulate a class of transformations ("stabilizer circuits", which include the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-20 Niel de Beaudrap

We propose a classical simulation method for quantum circuits based on decomposing unitary gates into a sum of stabilizer projectors. By only decomposing the non-Clifford gates, we take advantage of the Gottesman-Knill theorem and build a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-03 Yifei Huang , Peter Love

The Gottesman-Knill theorem established that stabilizer states and operations can be efficiently simulated classically. For qudits with dimension three and greater, stabilizer states and Clifford operations have been found to correspond to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-25 Lucas Kocia , Yifei Huang , Peter Love

Quantum circuit compilation comprises many computationally hard reasoning tasks that nonetheless lie inside #$\mathbf{P}$ and its decision counterpart in $\mathbf{PP}$. The classical simulation of general quantum circuits is a core example.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-13 Jingyi Mei , Marcello Bonsangue , Alfons Laarman

We describe a simple formalism for generating classes of quantum circuits that are classically efficiently simulatable and show that the efficient simulation of Clifford circuits (Gottesman-Knill theorem) and of matchgate circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-25 Richard Jozsa

Quantum computations that involve only Clifford operations are classically simulable despite the fact that they generate highly entangled states; this is the content of the Gottesman-Knill theorem. Here we isolate the ingredients of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Sean Clark , Richard Jozsa , Noah Linden

$\textit{Normalizer circuits}$ [1,2] are generalized Clifford circuits that act on arbitrary finite-dimensional systems $\mathcal{H}_{d_1}\otimes ... \otimes \mathcal{H}_{d_n}$ with a standard basis labeled by the elements of a finite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-13 Juan Bermejo-Vega , Cedric Yen-Yu Lin , Maarten Van den Nest
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