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Attention-based models trained on protein sequences have demonstrated incredible success at classification and generation tasks relevant for artificial intelligence-driven protein design. However, we lack a sufficient understanding of how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Erik Nijkamp , Jeffrey Ruffolo , Eli N. Weinstein , Nikhil Naik , Ali Madani

The goal of protein representation learning is to extract knowledge from protein databases that can be applied to various protein-related downstream tasks. Although protein sequence, structure, and function are the three key modalities for…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-14 Eunji Ko , Seul Lee , Minseon Kim , Dongki Kim

Proteins are the basic building blocks of life. They usually perform functions by folding to a particular structure. Understanding the folding process could help the researchers to understand the functions of proteins and could also help to…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2015-10-21 Jianzhu Ma

Mapping between sequence and structure is currently an open problem in structural biology. Despite many experimental and computational efforts it is not clear yet how the structure is encoded in the sequence. Answering this question may…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2013-10-08 Iddo Friedberg

Large-scale Protein Language Models (PLMs) have improved performance in protein prediction tasks, ranging from 3D structure prediction to various function predictions. In particular, AlphaFold, a ground-breaking AI system, could potentially…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-10-18 Mingyang Hu , Fajie Yuan , Kevin K. Yang , Fusong Ju , Jin Su , Hui Wang , Fei Yang , Qiuyang Ding

In recent years, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have transformed structural biology, particularly protein structure prediction. Though AI-based methods, such as AlphaFold (AF), often predict single conformations of proteins with…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-22 Devlina Chakravarty , Myeongsang Lee , Lauren L. Porter

Despite continuing hype about the role of AI in drug discovery, no "AI-discovered drugs" have so far received regulatory approval. Here we assess one of the latest AI based tools in this domain. The ability to rapidly predict protein-ligand…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Shunzhou Wan , Xibei Zhang , Xiao Xue , Peter V. Coveney

Understanding how protein mutations affect protein-nucleic acid binding is critical for unraveling disease mechanisms and advancing therapies. Current experimental approaches are laborious, and computational methods remain limited in…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-30 Xiang Liu , Junjie Wee , Guo-Wei Wei

AI algorithms have proven to be excellent predictors of protein structure, but whether and how much these algorithms can capture the underlying physics remains an open question. Here, we aim to test this question using the Alphafold2 (AF)…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-22 John M Mcbride , Tsvi Tlusty

Structure-based drug design (SBDD), which maps target proteins to candidate molecular ligands, is a fundamental task in drug discovery. Effectively aligning protein structural representations with molecular representations, and ensuring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Wei Zhang , Zekun Guo , Yingce Xia , Peiran Jin , Shufang Xie , Tao Qin , Xiang-Yang Li

Protein sequences serve as a natural record of the evolutionary constraints that shape their functional structures. We show that it is possible to use only sequence information to go beyond predicting native structures and global stability…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-02 Ezequiel A. Galpern , Ernesto A. Roman , Diego U. Ferreiro

Generative modeling has become a central paradigm in protein research, extending machine learning beyond structure prediction toward sequence design, backbone generation, inverse folding, and biomolecular interaction modeling. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Senura Hansaja Wanasekara , Minh-Duong Nguyen , Xiaochen Liu , Nguyen H. Tran , Ken-Tye Yong

While all the information required for the folding of a protein is contained in its amino acid sequence, one has not yet learnt how to extract this information so as to predict the detailed, biological active, three-dimensional structure of…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 R. A. Broglia , G. Tiana

AlphaFold, a groundbreaking protein prediction model, has revolutionized protein structure prediction, populating the AlphaFold Protein Database (AFDB) with millions of predicted structures. However, AlphaFold's accuracy in predicting…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-17 Pranshu Jahagirdar

Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) plays a pivotal role in unveiling the evolutionary trajectories of protein families. The accuracy of protein structure predictions is often compromised for protein sequences that lack sufficient homologous…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-29 Bo Chen , Zhilei Bei , Xingyi Cheng , Pan Li , Jie Tang , Le Song

The computer artificial intelligence system AlphaFold has recently predicted previously unknown three-dimensional structures of thousands of proteins. Focusing on the subset with high-confidence scores, we algorithmically analyze these…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-07-18 Maarten A. Brems , Robert Runkel , Todd O. Yeates , Peter Virnau

AlphaFold is a neural-network-based tool for the prediction of 3D structures of protein. In CASP14, a blind structure prediction challenge, it performed significantly better than other competitors, which makes it the best available…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-06-22 Vojtěch Spiwok , Martin Kurečka , Aleš Křenek

Accurate prediction of protein-protein binding affinity is vital for understanding molecular interactions and designing therapeutics. We adapt Boltz-2, a state-of-the-art structure-based protein-ligand affinity predictor, for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 James King , Lewis Cornwall , Andrei Cristian Nica , James Day , Aaron Sim , Neil Dalchau , Lilly Wollman , Joshua Meyers

A protein's function depends critically on its conformational ensemble, a collection of energy weighted structures whose balance depends on temperature and environment. Though recent deep learning (DL) methods have substantially advanced…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-09 Myeongsang Lee , Lauren L. Porter

Computational methods for predicting and designing biomolecular structures are increasingly powerful. While previous approaches relied on physics-based modeling, modern tools, such as AlphaFold2 in CASP14, leverage artificial intelligence…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-05 Michael Chungyoun , Gabe Au , Britnie Carpentier , Sreevarsha Puvada , Courtney Thomas , Jeffrey J. Gray