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Long-distance quantum communication in quantum networks faces significant challenges due to the constraints imposed by the no-cloning theorem. Most existing quantum communication protocols rely on the a priori distribution of entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-14 Ranjani G Sundaram , Himanshu Gupta

We formulate the problem of finding the optimal entanglement swapping scheme in a quantum repeater chain as a Markov decision process and present its solution for different repeater's sizes. Based on this, we are able to demonstrate that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-27 Evgeny Shchukin , Peter van Loock

With the emergence of the Quantum Internet, the need for advanced quantum networking techniques has significantly risen. Various models of quantum repeaters have been presented, each delineating a unique strategy to ensure quantum…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Zebo Yang , Ali Ghubaish , Raj Jain , Hassan Shapourian , Alireza Shabani

We develop entanglement swapping protocols and memory allocation methods for quantum repeater chains. Unlike most of the existing studies, the memory size of each quantum repeater in this work is a parameter that can be optimized. Based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-23 Wenhan Dai , Don Towsley

Long-range entanglement distribution in a quantum network relies on entanglement swapping at intermediate nodes along a network path to connect short-range entangled states established over the network edges. The end-to-end entanglement of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Md Sohel Mondal , Aniket Zambare , Siddhartha Santra

Optimal routing is a fundamental challenge in quantum networking, with several approaches proposed to identify the most efficient path for end-to-end (e2e) entanglement generation between pairs of nodes. In this paper, we show that…

Entanglement routing in near-term quantum networks consists of choosing the optimal sequence of short-range entanglements to combine through swapping operations to establish end-to-end entanglement between two distant nodes. Similar to…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Amar Abane , Michael Cubeddu , Van Sy Mai , Abdella Battou

Quantum repeater networks distribute entanglement over lossy links while many users share a limited pool of entangled pairs. Most existing routing schemes either always use a single best path or rely on global optimizations that are hard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ankit Mishra , Kang Hao Cheong

We study the limits of bipartite entanglement distribution using a chain of quantum repeaters that have quantum memories. To generate end-to-end entanglement, each node can attempt the generation of an entangled link with a neighbor, or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-11 Álvaro G. Iñesta , Gayane Vardoyan , Lara Scavuzzo , Stephanie Wehner

We study quantum entanglement distribution on networks with full-rank bi-partite mixed states linking qubits on nodes. In particular, we use entanglement swapping and purification to partially entangle widely separated nodes. The simplest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-01-24 G. J. Lapeyre , S. Perseguers , M. Lewenstein , A. Acín

Existing quantum routing implicitly mimics classical routing principles, with finding the ``best'' path (aka pathfinding), according to a selected routing metric, as a core mechanism for establishing end-to-end entanglement. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Si-Yi Chen , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti , Marcello Caleffi

Entanglement generation in long-distance quantum networks is a difficult process due to resource limitations and the probabilistic nature of entanglement swapping. To maximize success probability, existing quantum routing algorithms employ…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Tasdiqul Islam , Md Arifuzzaman , Engin Arslan

Finding the optimal embedding of networks into low-dimensional hyperbolic spaces is a challenge that received considerable interest in recent years, with several different approaches proposed in the literature. In general, these methods…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-01-08 Bendegúz Sulyok , Gergely Palla

Recently emerged as a disruptive networking paradigm, quantum networks rely on the mysterious quantum entanglement to teleport qubits without physically transferring quantum particles. However, the state of quantum systems is extremely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-23 Ziyue Jia , Lin Chen

We study the problem of entanglement distribution in terms of maximizing a utility function that captures the total fidelity of end-to-end entanglements in a two-link linear quantum network with a source, a repeater, and a destination. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-15 Iordanis Koutsopoulos

Quantum switches are critical components in quantum networks, distributing maximally entangled pairs among end nodes by entanglement swapping. In this work, we design protocols that schedule entanglement swapping operations in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-23 Wenhan Dai , Anthony Rinaldi , Don Towsley

We present an approach to purification and entanglement routing on complex quantum network architectures, that is, how a quantum network equipped with imperfect channel fidelities and limited memory storage time can distribute entanglement…

In this paper we study a combinatorial reconfiguration problem that involves finding an optimal sequence of swaps to move an initial configuration of tokens that are placed on the vertices of a graph to a final desired one. This problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ishan Bansal , Oktay Günlük , Richard Shapley

Quantum network is a promising platform for many ground-breaking applications that lie beyond the capability of its classical counterparts. Efficient entanglement generation on quantum networks with relatively limited resources such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Changhao Li , Tianyi Li , Yi-Xiang Liu , Paola Cappellaro

How to efficiently distribute entanglement over large-scale quantum networks is still an open problem that greatly depends on the technology considered. In this work, we consider quantum networks where each link is characterized by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Bruno C. Coutinho , Raul Monteiro , Luís Bugalho , Francisco A. Monteiro
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