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World models predict state transitions in response to actions and are increasingly developed across diverse modalities. However, standard training objectives such as maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) often misalign with task-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jialong Wu , Shaofeng Yin , Ningya Feng , Mingsheng Long

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has been shown to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), enabling the development of large reasoning models (LRMs). However, LRMs such as DeepSeek-R1 and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yuhao Wang , Xiaopeng Li , Cheng Gong , Ziru Liu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Xiangyu Zhao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been shown to substantially improve the reasoning capability of small and large language models (LLMs), but existing approaches typically rely on verifiable rewards, hence ground truth labels. We propose an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yiyang Shen , Lifu Tu , Weiran Wang

Generating grounded and trustworthy responses remains a key challenge for large language models (LLMs). While retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with citation-based grounding holds promise, instruction-tuned models frequently fail even in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Shang Hong Sim , Tej Deep Pala , Vernon Toh , Hai Leong Chieu , Amir Zadeh , Chuan Li , Navonil Majumder , Soujanya Poria

In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), alignment has emerged as a fundamental yet challenging problem in the pursuit of more reliable, controllable, and capable machine intelligence. The recent success of reasoning models and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Hao Sun , Mihaela van der Schaar

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has driven significant performance gains in reasoning-oriented large language models (LLMs), yet its internal training dynamics remain largely a black box. In this work, we perform a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Tianle Wang , Jiayu Liu , Zhongyuan Wu , Shenghao Jin , Wei Chen , Hao Xu , Ning Miao

Large language models (LLMs) have notably progressed in multi-step and long-chain reasoning. However, extending their reasoning capabilities to encompass deep interactions with search remains a non-trivial challenge, as models often fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Qingfei Zhao , Ruobing Wang , Dingling Xu , Daren Zha , Limin Liu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has been shown effective in enhancing the visual reflection and reasoning capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs). However, existing datasets are predominantly derived from either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Haoxiang Sun , Lizhen Xu , Bing Zhao , Wotao Yin , Wei Wang , Boyu Yang , Rui Wang , Hu Wei

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has improved the reasoning ability of large language models, yet training remains costly because many rollouts contribute little to optimization, considering the amount of computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Yan Sun , Jia Guo , Stanley Kok , Zihao Wang , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang

While reinforcement learning has advanced the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), these gains are largely confined to English, creating a significant performance disparity across languages. To address this, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Fahim Faisal , Kaiqiang Song , Song Wang , Simin Ma , Shujian Liu , Haoyun Deng , Sathish Reddy Indurthi

While Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is effective for deterministically checkable tasks, many vision-language tasks are partially verifiable, demanding multi-criteria supervision (e.g., perceptual details, reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ya-Qi Yu , Hao Wang , Fangyu Hong , Xiangyang Qu , Gaojie Wu , Qiaoyu Luo , Nuo Xu , Huixin Wang , Wuheng Xu , Yongxin Liao , Zihao Chen , Haonan Li , Ziming Li , Dezhi Peng , Minghui Liao , Jihao Wu , Haoyu Ren , Dandan Tu

Training reasoning language models (LMs) with reinforcement learning (RL) for one-hot correctness inherently relies on the LM being able to explore and solve its task with some chance at initialization. Furthermore, a key use case of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Edoardo Cetin , Tianyu Zhao , Yujin Tang

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently shown that large language models (LLMs) can develop their own reasoning without direct supervision. However, applications in the medical domain, specifically for question…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Mirza Farhan Bin Tarek , Rahmatollah Beheshti

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective approach for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) family has demonstrated strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chenxi Liu , Junjie Liang , Yuqi Jia , Bochuan Cao , Yang Bai , Heng Huang , Xun Chen

Existing large language models (LLMs) face challenges of following complex instructions, especially when multiple constraints are present and organized in paralleling, chaining, and branching structures. One intuitive solution, namely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yulei Qin , Gang Li , Zongyi Li , Zihan Xu , Yuchen Shi , Zhekai Lin , Xiao Cui , Ke Li , Xing Sun

Recent advances in reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) show that large language models enhance their reasoning abilities when trained with verifiable signals. However, due to reward sparsity, effectiveness depends heavily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sanghwan Bae , Jiwoo Hong , Min Young Lee , Hanbyul Kim , JeongYeon Nam , Donghyun Kwak

While scaling laws for large language models (LLMs) during pre-training have been extensively studied, their behavior under reinforcement learning (RL) post-training remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a systematic empirical…

Long chain-of-thought (CoT) significantly enhances the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, extensive reasoning traces lead to inefficiencies and increased time-to-first-token (TTFT). We propose a training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Roy Xie , David Qiu , Deepak Gopinath , Dong Lin , Yanchao Sun , Chong Wang , Saloni Potdar , Bhuwan Dhingra

The application of Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to mathematical and coding domains has demonstrated significant improvements in the reasoning and problem-solving abilities of Large Language Models. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Farid Bagirov , Mikhail Arkhipov , Ksenia Sycheva , Evgeniy Glukhov , Egor Bogomolov

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a central paradigm for training large language models (LLMs) in reasoning tasks. Yet recent studies question RL's ability to incentivize reasoning capacity beyond the base model. This raises a key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Jiazheng Li , Hongzhou Lin , Hong Lu , Kaiyue Wen , Zaiwen Yang , Jiaxuan Gao , Yi Wu , Jingzhao Zhang
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