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Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yichun Zhang , Xiangwu Guo , Yauhong Goh , Jessica Hu , Zhiheng Chen , Xin Wang , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou

Graphical User Interface (GUI) provides a visual bridge between a software application and end users, through which they can interact with each other. With the upgrading of mobile devices and the development of aesthetics, the visual…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Zhe Liu , Chunyang Chen , Junjie Wang , Yuekai Huang , Jun Hu , Qing Wang

Modeling user interfaces (UIs) from visual information allows systems to make inferences about the functionality and semantics needed to support use cases in accessibility, app automation, and testing. Current datasets for training machine…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Jason Wu , Siyan Wang , Siman Shen , Yi-Hao Peng , Jeffrey Nichols , Jeffrey P. Bigham

Proactive agents that anticipate user intentions without explicit prompts represent a significant evolution in human-AI interaction, promising to reduce cognitive load and streamline workflows. However, existing datasets suffer from two…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yuanbo Tang , Huaze Tang , Tingyu Cao , Lam Nguyen , Anping Zhang , Xinwen Cao , Chunkang Liu , Wenbo Ding , Yang Li

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have demonstrated remarkable progress in automating complex user interface interactions through reinforcement learning. However, current approaches face a fundamental dilemma: offline RL enables stable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Zhengxi Lu , Jiabo Ye , Fei Tang , Yongliang Shen , Haiyang Xu , Ziwei Zheng , Weiming Lu , Ming Yan , Fei Huang , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Recent advances in multimodal large language models unlock unprecedented opportunities for GUI automation. However, a fundamental challenge remains: how to efficiently acquire high-quality training data while maintaining annotation…

Mobile GUI agents excel at immediate reactive control but frequently fail in realistic, long-horizon tasks that require memory. This failure stems from a fundamental conflict between limited context windows and token-heavy screenshots. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Junyang Wang , Haiyang Xu , Xi Zhang , Zhaoqing Zhu , Ming Yan , Jieping Ye , Jitao Sang

The emergent large language/multimodal models facilitate the evolution of mobile agents, especially in mobile UI task automation. However, existing evaluation approaches, which rely on human validation or established datasets to compare…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Li Zhang , Shihe Wang , Xianqing Jia , Zhihan Zheng , Yunhe Yan , Longxi Gao , Yuanchun Li , Mengwei Xu

Repurposing large vision-language models (LVLMs) as computer use agents (CUAs) has led to substantial breakthroughs, primarily driven by human-labeled data. However, these models often struggle with novel and specialized software,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Zeyi Sun , Ziyu Liu , Yuhang Zang , Yuhang Cao , Xiaoyi Dong , Tong Wu , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

VLM-based mobile agents are increasingly popular due to their capabilities to interact with smartphone GUIs and XML-structured texts and to complete daily tasks. However, existing online benchmarks struggle with obtaining stable reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Weikai Xu , Zhizheng Jiang , Yuxuan Liu , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Yuanchun Li , Yunxin Liu , Bin Wang , Bo An

Recent progress in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has enabled mobile GUI agents capable of visual perception, cross-modal reasoning, and interactive control. However, existing benchmarks are largely English-centric and fail to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yang Li , Yuchen Liu , Haoyu Lu , Zhiqiang Xia , Hongzhen Wang , Kaiyang Han , Changpeng Yang , Jinyang Wu , Jiaming Xu , Runyu Shi , Ying Huang

Existing GUI agent models relying on coordinate-based one-step visual grounding struggle with generalizing to varying input resolutions and aspect ratios. Alternatives introduce coordinate-free strategies yet suffer from learning under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xiaoce Wang , Guibin Zhang , Junzhe Li , Jinzhe Tu , Chun Li , Ming Li

Given the significant advances in Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) in reasoning and visual understanding, mobile agents are rapidly emerging to meet users' automation needs. However, existing evaluation benchmarks are disconnected from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Zeyu Huang , Juyuan Wang , Longfeng Chen , Boyi Xiao , Leng Cai , Yawen Zeng , Jin Xu

Training multimodal agents via reinforcement learning for knowledge-intensive visual reasoning is fundamentally hindered by the extreme sparsity of outcome-based supervision and the unpredictability of live web environments. To resolve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Wentao Yan , Shengqin Wang , Huichi Zhou , Yihang Chen , Kun Shao , Yuan Xie , Zhizhong Zhang

GUI agents are designed to automate repetitive tasks and enhance productivity. However, existing GUI agents struggle to recover once they follow an incorrect exploration path, often leading to task failure. In this work, we model GUI task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ziyu Lu , Tengjin Weng , Yiying Yang , Yuhang Zhao , Xinxin Huang , Wenhao Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been successful in mathematical reasoning tasks such as formal theorem proving when integrated with interactive proof assistants like Lean. Existing approaches involve training or fine-tuning an LLM on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Adarsh Kumarappan , Mo Tiwari , Peiyang Song , Robert Joseph George , Chaowei Xiao , Anima Anandkumar

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, powered by Large Foundation Models, have emerged as a transformative approach to automating human-computer interaction. These agents autonomously interact with digital systems or software applications…

Recent efforts have augmented language models (LMs) with external tools or environments, leading to the development of language agents that can reason and act. However, most of these agents rely on few-shot prompting techniques with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Baian Chen , Chang Shu , Ehsan Shareghi , Nigel Collier , Karthik Narasimhan , Shunyu Yao

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have led to the creation of intelligent agents capable of performing complex tasks. This paper introduces a novel LLM-based multimodal agent framework designed to operate smartphone…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Chi Zhang , Zhao Yang , Jiaxuan Liu , Yucheng Han , Xin Chen , Zebiao Huang , Bin Fu , Gang Yu

The demand for quality in mobile applications has increased greatly given users' high reliance on them for daily tasks. Developers work tirelessly to ensure that their applications are both functional and user-friendly. In pursuit of this,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Safwat Ali Khan