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Malicious code in open-source repositories such as PyPI poses a growing threat to software supply chains. Traditional rule-based tools often overlook the semantic patterns in source code that are crucial for identifying adversarial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Muhammad Umar Zeshan , Motunrayo Ibiyo , Claudio Di Sipio , Phuong T. Nguyen , Davide Di Ruscio

The prevalence of malicious packages in open-source repositories, such as PyPI, poses a critical threat to the software supply chain. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising tool for automated security tasks, their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ahmed Ryan , Ibrahim Khalil , Abdullah Al Jahid , Md Erfan , Sungbin Park , Akond Ashfaque Ur Rahman , Md Rayhanur Rahman

Background. In modern software development, the use of external libraries and packages is increasingly prevalent, streamlining the software development process and enabling developers to deploy feature-rich systems with little coding. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Haya Samaana , Diego Elias Costa , Emad Shihab , Ahmad Abdellatif

Open-source ecosystems such as NPM and PyPI are increasingly targeted by supply chain attacks, yet existing detection methods either depend on fragile handcrafted rules or data-driven features that fail to capture evolving attack semantics.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Wenbo Guo , Shiwen Song , Jiaxun Guo , Zhengzi Xu , Chengwei Liu , Haoran Ou , Mengmeng Ge , Yang Liu

Current software supply chains heavily rely on open-source packages hosted in public repositories. Given the popularity of ecosystems like npm and PyPI, malicious users started to spread malware by publishing open-source packages containing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Piergiorgio Ladisa , Serena Elisa Ponta , Nicola Ronzoni , Matias Martinez , Olivier Barais

Modern software package registries like PyPI have become critical infrastructure for software development, but are increasingly exploited by threat actors distributing malicious packages with sophisticated multi-stage attack chains. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Takaaki Toda , Tatsuya Mori

Malicious package detection has become a critical task in ensuring the security and stability of the PyPI. Existing detection approaches have focused on advancing model selection, evolving from traditional machine learning (ML) models to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xingan Gao , Xiaobing Sun , Sicong Cao , Kaifeng Huang , Di Wu , Xiaolei Liu , Xingwei Lin , Yang Xiang

PyPI provides a convenient and accessible package management platform to developers, enabling them to quickly implement specific functions and improve work efficiency. However, the rapid development of the PyPI ecosystem has led to a severe…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Wenbo Guo , Zhengzi Xu , Chengwei Liu , Cheng Huang , Yong Fang , Yang Liu

The widespread adoption of open-source ecosystems enables developers to integrate third-party packages, but also exposes them to malicious packages crafted to execute harmful behavior via public repositories such as PyPI. Existing datasets…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Ahmed Ryan , Junaid Mansur Ifti , Md Erfan , Akond Ashfaque Ur Rahman , Md Rayhanur Rahman

The Python Package Index (PyPI) has become a target for malicious actors, yet existing detection tools generate false positive rates of 15-30%, incorrectly flagging one-third of legitimate packages as malicious. This problem arises because…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Wenbo Guo , Chengwei Liu , Ming Kang , Yiran Zhang , Jiahui Wu , Zhengzi Xu , Vinay Sachidananda , Yang Liu

Package managers such as NPM, Maven, and PyPI play a pivotal role in open-source software (OSS) ecosystems, streamlining the distribution and management of various freely available packages. The fine-grained details within software packages…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Xiaoyan Zhou , Feiran Liang , Zhaojie Xie , Yang Lan , Wenjia Niu , Jiqiang Liu , Haining Wang , Qiang Li

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has increasingly shown its power in extending large language models' (LLMs') capability beyond their pre-trained knowledge. Existing works have shown that RAG can help with software development tasks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Jingyi Chen , Songqiang Chen , Jialun Cao , Jiasi Shen , Shing-Chi Cheung

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used as security engineering tools to summarize and explain malware behavior to analysts. A common assumption is that Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves explanation quality by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jayson Ng , Amin Milani Fard

Presently, with the assistance of advanced LLM application development frameworks, more and more LLM-powered applications can effortlessly augment the LLMs' knowledge with external content using the retrieval augmented generation (RAG)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Quan Zhang , Binqi Zeng , Chijin Zhou , Gwihwan Go , Heyuan Shi , Yu Jiang

Command injection vulnerabilities are a significant security threat in dynamic languages like Python, particularly in widely used open-source projects where security issues can have extensive impact. With the proven effectiveness of Large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yuxuan Wang , Jingshu Chen , Qingyang Wang

The robustness of recent Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly crucial as their applicability expands across various domains and real-world applications. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising solution for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Sukmin Cho , Soyeong Jeong , Jeongyeon Seo , Taeho Hwang , Jong C. Park

Although LLMs have shown promising potential in vulnerability detection, this study reveals their limitations in distinguishing between vulnerable and similar-but-benign patched code (only 0.06 - 0.14 accuracy). It shows that LLMs struggle…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xueying Du , Geng Zheng , Kaixin Wang , Yi Zou , Yujia Wang , Wentai Deng , Jiayi Feng , Mingwei Liu , Bihuan Chen , Xin Peng , Tao Ma , Yiling Lou

Code generation has emerged as a pivotal capability of Large Language Models(LLMs), revolutionizing development efficiency for programmers of all skill levels. However, the complexity of data structures and algorithmic logic often results…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Kai Ye , Liangcai Su , Chenxiong Qian

Language-based ecosystems (LBE), i.e., software ecosystems based on a single programming language, are very common. Examples include the npm ecosystem for JavaScript, and PyPI for Python. These environments encourage code reuse between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Ruturaj K. Vaidya , Lorenzo De Carli , Drew Davidson , Vaibhav Rastogi

SourceRank is a scoring system made of 18 metrics that assess the popularity and quality of open-source packages. Despite being used in several recent studies, none has thoroughly analyzed its reliability against evasion attacks aimed at…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Biagio Montaruli , Serena Elisa Ponta , Luca Compagna , Davide Balzarotti
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