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Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have introduced latent reasoning as a promising alternative to autoregressive reasoning. By performing internal computation with hidden states from previous steps, latent reasoning benefit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Zhenrui Yue , Bowen Jin , Huimin Zeng , Honglei Zhuang , Zhen Qin , Jinsung Yoon , Lanyu Shang , Jiawei Han , Dong Wang

Looped Language Models (LoopLMs) perform multi-step latent reasoning prior to token generation and outperform conventional LLMs on reasoning benchmarks at smaller parameter budgets. However, attempts to further improve LoopLM reasoning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jonathan Williams , Esin Tureci

As a pivotal component to attaining generalizable solutions in human intelligence, reasoning provides great potential for reinforcement learning (RL) agents' generalization towards varied goals by summarizing part-to-whole arguments and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Wenhao Ding , Haohong Lin , Bo Li , Ding Zhao

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is commonly used in Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback to align large language models (LLMs) with downstream tasks. This paper investigates the feasibility of using PPO for direct reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Alexander G. Padula , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers

In real-world decision optimization, often multiple competing objectives must be taken into account. Following classical reinforcement learning, these objectives have to be combined into a single reward function. In contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Johannes Dornheim

Recently, reinforcement learning (RL)-based tuning has shifted the trajectory of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), particularly following the introduction of Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). However, directly applying it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wenhui Zhu , Xuanzhao Dong , Xin Li , Peijie Qiu , Xiwen Chen , Abolfazl Razi , Aris Sotiras , Yi Su , Yalin Wang

Training intelligent agents to navigate highly interactive environments presents significant challenges. While guided meta reinforcement learning (RL) approach that first trains a guiding policy to train the ego agent has proven effective…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Mansur Arief , Mike Timmerman , Jiachen Li , David Isele , Mykel J Kochenderfer

Reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT) has shown promise for training LLM agents to perform multi-turn decision-making based on environment feedback. However, most existing evaluations remain largely in-domain: training and testing are conducted…

Text-to-audio (T2A) generation has advanced considerably in recent years, yet existing methods continue to face challenges in accurately rendering complex text prompts, particularly those involving intricate audio effects, and achieving…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Yi Gu , Yanqing Liu , Chen Yang , Sheng Zhao

Combining Chain-of-Thought (CoT) with Reinforcement Learning (RL) improves text-to-image (T2I) generation, yet the underlying interaction between CoT's exploration and RL's optimization remains unclear. We present a systematic entropy-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Han Song , Yucheng Zhou , Jianbing Shen , Yu Cheng

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) significantly enhances the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, this success heavily relies on expensive external verifiers or human rules. Such dependency not only leads…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Nonghai Zhang , Weitao Ma , Zhanyu Ma , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Jingwen Xu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown strong reasoning capabilities through large-scale pretraining and post-training reinforcement learning, demonstrated by DeepSeek-R1. However, current post-training methods, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Boyang Gu , Hongjian Zhou , Bradley Max Segal , Jinge Wu , Zeyu Cao , Hantao Zhong , Lei Clifton , Fenglin Liu , David A. Clifton

Reinforcement learning exhibits potential in enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models, yet it is hard to scale for the low sample efficiency during the rollout phase. Existing methods attempt to improve efficiency by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Deyang Kong , Qi Guo , Xiangyu Xi , Wei Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

Autoregressive (AR) models are highly effective for image generation, yet their standard maximum-likelihood estimation training lacks direct optimization for sample quality and diversity. While reinforcement learning (RL) has been used to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Orhun Buğra Baran , Melih Kandemir , Ramazan Gokberk Cinbis

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is highly effective for post-training autoregressive (AR) language models, yet its direct application to diffusion large language models (dLLMs) often triggers reward collapse. We identify two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jianyuan Zhong , Kaibo Wang , Ding Ding , Zijin Feng , Haoli Bai , Yang Xiang , Jiacheng Sun , Qiang Xu

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has improved the reasoning ability of large language models, yet training remains costly because many rollouts contribute little to optimization, considering the amount of computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Yan Sun , Jia Guo , Stanley Kok , Zihao Wang , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become popular in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) emerging as a widely used algorithm in recent systems. Despite GRPO's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Wenlong Deng , Yi Ren , Muchen Li , Danica J. Sutherland , Xiaoxiao Li , Christos Thrampoulidis

Generative speech enhancement offers a promising alternative to traditional discriminative methods by modeling the distribution of clean speech conditioned on noisy inputs. Post-training alignment via reinforcement learning (RL) effectively…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Haoxu Wang , Biao Tian , Yiheng Jiang , Zexu Pan , Shengkui Zhao , Bin Ma , Daren Chen , Xiangang Li

Reinforcement Learning (RL) with PPO-like clip objectives has become the standard choice for reward-based fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs). Although recent work has explored improved estimators of advantages and normalization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Philipp Becker , Niklas Freymuth , Serge Thilges , Fabian Otto , Gerhard Neumann

While large language models (LLMs) have advanced the development of general-purpose agents, achieving robust generalization to unseen tasks remains a significant challenge. Current approaches typically rely on either fine-tuning or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Thomas Palmeira Ferraz , Romain Deffayet , Vassilina Nikoulina , Hervé Déjean , Stéphane Clinchant