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Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are emerging as a core component of future 6G communication systems, providing global connectivity and supporting data-intensive applications. In this paper, we propose a distributed hierarchical federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Amin Farajzadeh , Animesh Yadav , Halim Yanikomeroglu

Federated learning (FL) enables massive distributed Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices to learn a global consensus model without any participants revealing their own data to the central server. However, the practicality,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Zhikun Chen , Daofeng Li , Ming Zhao , Sihai Zhang , Jinkang Zhu

Split federated learning (SFL) is a recent distributed approach for collaborative model training among multiple clients. In SFL, a global model is typically split into two parts, where clients train one part in a parallel federated manner,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Pengchao Han , Chao Huang , Geng Tian , Ming Tang , Xin Liu

Federated learning (FL) allows multiple parties (distributed devices) to train a machine learning model without sharing raw data. How to effectively and efficiently utilize the resources on devices and the central server is a highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Guangyu Zhu , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Haixia Zhang , Yuguang Fang , Tan F. Wong

Split Federated Learning (SFL) is a distributed machine learning framework which strategically divides the learning process between a server and clients and collaboratively trains a shared model by aggregating local models updated based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Jiarong Yang , Yuan Liu

Space AI has become increasingly important and sometimes even necessary for government, businesses, and society. An active research topic under this mission is integrating federated learning (FL) with satellite communications (SatCom) so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Mohamed Elmahallawy , Tie Luo , Khaled Ramadan

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed learning scheme, named group-based split federated learning (GSFL), to speed up artificial intelligence (AI) model training. Specifically, the GSFL operates in a split-then-federated manner,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Songge Zhang , Wen Wu , Penghui Hu , Shaofeng Li , Ning Zhang

Secure aggregation is a common technique in federated learning (FL) for protecting data privacy from both curious internal entities (clients or server) and external adversaries (eavesdroppers). However, in dynamic and resource-constrained…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Mohamed Elmahallawy , Tie Luo

Recent breakthroughs in quantum computing present transformative opportunities for advancing Federated Learning (FL), particularly in non-terrestrial environments characterized by stringent communication and coordination constraints. In…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Dev Gurung , Shiva Raj Pokhrel

As an edge intelligence algorithm for multi-device collaborative training, federated learning (FL) can reduce the communication burden but increase the computing load of wireless devices. In contrast, split learning (SL) can reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Benshun Yin , Zhiyong Chen , Meixia Tao

With the proliferation of distributed edge computing resources, the 6G mobile network will evolve into a network for connected intelligence. Along this line, the proposal to incorporate federated learning into the mobile edge has gained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Zheng Lin , Guanqiao Qu , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang

Federated learning (FL) is recognized as a key enabling technology to support distributed artificial intelligence (AI) services in future 6G. By supporting decentralized data training and collaborative model training among devices, FL…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-02 Shaoming Huang , Pengfei Zhang , Yijie Mao , Lixiang Lian , Yuanming Shi

Federated learning (FL) is a key paradigm for distributed model learning across decentralized data sources. Communication in each FL round typically consists of two phases: (i) distributing the global model from a server to clients, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yi Zhao , Di Yuan , Tao Deng , Suzhi Cao , Ying Dong

To enable training of large artificial intelligence (AI) models at the network edge, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising approach by distributing computation between edge devices and a server. However, while unstable…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wei Wei , Zheng Lin , Xihui Liu , Hongyang Du , Dusit Niyato , Xianhao Chen

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with integrated sensing, communication, computation and control (ISC3) capabilities have become key enablers of next-generation wireless networks. Federated edge learning (FEL) leverages UAVs as mobile…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Xiangwang Hou , Xianghe Wang , Jiacheng Wang , Zekai Zhang , Jun Du , Jingjing Wang , Yong Ren

Split Federated Learning (SFL) enables collaborative training between resource-constrained edge devices and a compute-rich server. Communication overhead is a central issue in SFL and can be mitigated with auxiliary networks. Yet, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Zhoubin Kou , Zihan Chen , Jing Yang , Cong Shen

This paper presents a novel approach to conduct highly efficient federated learning (FL) over a massive wireless edge network, where an edge server and numerous mobile devices (clients) jointly learn a global model without transporting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Chun-Hung Liu , Kai-Ten Feng , Lu Wei , Yu Luo

Federated learning (FL) is a type of distributed machine learning at the wireless edge that preserves the privacy of clients' data from adversaries and even the central server. Existing federated learning approaches either use (i) secure…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-30 Raphael Pinard , Mitra Hassani , Wayne Lemieux

Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) are privacy-preserving Machine-Learning (ML) techniques that enable training ML models over data distributed among clients without requiring direct access to their raw data. Existing FL and SL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ali Abedi , Shehroz S. Khan

Decentralized machine learning has broadened its scope recently with the invention of Federated Learning (FL), Split Learning (SL), and their hybrids like Split Federated Learning (SplitFed or SFL). The goal of SFL is to reduce the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Chamani Shiranthika , Zahra Hafezi Kafshgari , Parvaneh Saeedi , Ivan V. Bajić