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Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive capabilities in language understanding and generation, yet they continue to underperform on knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks due to limited access to structured context and multi-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Travis Thompson , Seung-Hwan Lim , Paul Liu , Ruoying He , Dongkuan Xu

We propose ControlMLLM++, a novel test-time adaptation framework that injects learnable visual prompts into frozen multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to enable fine-grained region-based visual reasoning without any model retraining or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mingrui Wu , Hao Chen , Jiayi Ji , Xiaoshuai Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Liujuan Cao , Ming-Ming Cheng , Rongrong Ji

Fact-checking real-world claims, particularly numerical claims, is inherently complex that require multistep reasoning and numerical reasoning for verifying diverse aspects of the claim. Although large language models (LLMs) including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Primakov Chungkham , V Venktesh , Vinay Setty , Avishek Anand

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular, transforming a wide range of applications across various domains. However, the real-world effectiveness of their query cache systems has not been thoroughly investigated. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jiaxing Li , Chi Xu , Feng Wang , Isaac M von Riedemann , Cong Zhang , Jiangchuan Liu

Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, leveraging additional computational resources at inference time to enhance model performance. In this work, we introduce R2-LLMs, a novel and versatile hierarchical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Alex ZH Dou , Zhongwei Wan , Dongfei Cui , Xin Wang , Jing Xiong , Haokun Lin , Chaofan Tao , Shen Yan , Mi Zhang

Simultaneous speech translation (SST) outputs translations in parallel with streaming speech input, balancing translation quality and latency. While large language models (LLMs) have been extended to handle the speech modality, streaming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Keqi Deng , Wenxi Chen , Xie Chen , Philip C. Woodland

Large language models (LLMs) excel at diverse tasks, but their deployment on resource-constrained devices remains challenging. Existing methods like quantization, pruning, and distillation can reduce memory footprint but often demand…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Siddharth Tandon

Large language models (LLMs) are highly capable but face latency challenges in real-time applications, such as conducting online hallucination detection. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel framework that leverages a small language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Mengya Hu , Rui Xu , Deren Lei , Yaxi Li , Mingyu Wang , Emily Ching , Eslam Kamal , Alex Deng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been emerging as prominent AI models for solving many natural language tasks due to their high performance (e.g., accuracy) and capabilities in generating high-quality responses to the given inputs.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly boosted performance in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the deployment of high-performance LLMs incurs substantial costs, primarily due to the increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Saehan Jo , Immanuel Trummer

Test-time scaling has emerged as a widely adopted inference-time strategy for boosting reasoning performance. However, its effectiveness has been studied almost exclusively in English, leaving its behavior in other languages largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Prasoon Bajpai , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising capabilities in visually interpreting medical time-series data. However, their general-purpose design can limit domain-specific precision, and the proprietary nature of many models poses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Huayu Li , Zhengxiao He , Xiwen Chen , Ci Zhang , Stuart F. Quan , William D. S. Killgore , Shu-Fen Wung , Chen X. Chen , Geng Yuan , Jin Lu , Ao Li

Large language models (LLMs) have been a disruptive innovation in recent years, and they play a crucial role in our daily lives due to their ability to understand and generate human-like text. Their capabilities include natural language…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Akrit Mudvari , Yuang Jiang , Leandros Tassiulas

It is commonly believed that scaling language models should commit a significant space or time cost, by increasing the parameters (parameter scaling) or output tokens (inference-time scaling). We introduce the third and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Mouxiang Chen , Binyuan Hui , Zeyu Cui , Jiaxi Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Jianling Sun , Junyang Lin , Zhongxin Liu

Scaling inference compute in large language models (LLMs) through repeated sampling consistently increases the coverage (fraction of problems solved) as the number of samples increases. We conjecture that this observed improvement is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Gal Yona , Or Honovich , Omer Levy , Roee Aharoni

Recent studies have demonstrated that test-time compute scaling effectively improves the performance of small language models (sLMs). However, prior research has mainly examined test-time compute scaling with an additional larger model as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Minki Kang , Jongwon Jeong , Jaewoong Cho

Temporal reasoning in multi-session dialogues presents a significant challenge which has been under-studied in previous temporal reasoning benchmarks. To bridge this gap, we propose a new evaluation task for temporal reasoning in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Yubin Ge , Salvatore Romeo , Jason Cai , Raphael Shu , Monica Sunkara , Yassine Benajiba , Yi Zhang

Inference-time scaling trades efficiency for increased reasoning accuracy by generating longer or more parallel sequences. However, in Transformer LLMs, generation cost is bottlenecked by the size of the key-value (KV) cache, rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Adrian Łańcucki , Konrad Staniszewski , Piotr Nawrot , Edoardo M. Ponti

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute during inference. We conduct a structured survey of TTS methods and categorize them into sampling-based,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Ho-Lam Chung , Teng-Yun Hsiao , Hsiao-Ying Huang , Chunerh Cho , Jian-Ren Lin , Zhang Ziwei , Yun-Nung Chen

Human reasoning is shaped by resource rationality -- optimizing performance under constraints. Recently, inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm to improve the reasoning performance of Large Language Models by expanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Zhimin Hu , Riya Roshan , Sashank Varma