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The decoding of error syndromes of surface codes with classical algorithms may slow down quantum computation. To overcome this problem it is possible to implement decoding algorithms based on artificial neural networks. This work reports a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Simone Bordoni , Stefano Giagu

Belief-propagation (BP) decoders play a vital role in modern coding theory, but they are not suitable to decode quantum error-correcting codes because of a unique quantum feature called error degeneracy. Inspired by an exact mapping between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-29 Ye-Hua Liu , David Poulin

Quantum error correction is rapidly seeing first experimental implementations, but there is a significant gap between asymptotically optimal error-correcting codes and codes that are experimentally feasible. Quantum LDPC codes range from…

Errors in surface code have typically been decoded by Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) based method. Recently, neural-network-based Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been employed for this purpose. Here we propose a two-level (low…

We introduce a decoding framework for correlated errors in quantum LDPC codes under circuit-level noise. The core of our approach is a graph augmentation and rewiring for interference (GARI) method, which modifies the correlated detector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Arshpreet Singh Maan , Francisco-Garcia Herrero , Alexandru Paler , Valentin Savin

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes offer a promising route to scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation with constant overhead. Recent advancements have shown that qLDPC codes can outperform the quantum memory capability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Jens Niklas Eberhardt , Vincent Steffan

Fault-tolerant quantum computation demands extremely low logical error rates, yet superconducting qubit arrays are subject to radiation-induced correlated noise arising from cosmic-ray muon-generated quasiparticles. The quasiparticle…

Quantum error correction (QEC) for fault-tolerant quantum computing requires a balanced decoding solution that offers high performance, low complexity, and low latency. However, the de facto standard, belief propagation (BP) combined with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Hee-Youl Kwak , Seong-Joon Park , Hyunwoo Jung , Jeongseok Ha , Jae-Won Kim

Decoding Bivariate Bicycle (BB) quantum error correction codes typically requires Belief Propagation (BP) followed by Ordered Statistics Decoding (OSD) post-processing when BP fails to converge. Whether BP will converge on a given syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Anton Pakhunov

Quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes with good parameters are promising candidates for low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computing, but their non-local stabilizers require long-range connectivity and frequent qubit movement,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Swayangprabha Shaw , Narayanan Rengaswamy

Efficient decoding to estimate error locations from outcomes of syndrome measurement is the prerequisite for quantum error correction. Decoding in presence of circuit-level noise including measurement errors should be considered in case of…

Quantum information needs to be protected by quantum error-correcting codes due to imperfect physical devices and operations. One would like to have an efficient and high-performance decoding procedure for the class of quantum stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-18 Kao-Yueh Kuo , Ching-Yi Lai

Quantum error correction is the building block for constructing fault-tolerant quantum processors that can operate reliably even if its constituting elements are corrupted by decoherence. In this context, real-time decoding is a necessity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-15 Antonio deMarti iOlius , Josu Etxezarreta Martinez

The development of practical, high-performance decoding algorithms reduces the resource cost of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here we propose a decoder for the surface code that finds low-weight correction operators for errors produced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Asmae Benhemou , Kaavya Sahay , Lingling Lao , Benjamin J. Brown

Generalized bicycle codes (GB codes) represent a promising family of quantum low-density parity-check codes, characterized by high code rates and relatively local qubit connectivity. A subclass of the GB code called bivariate bicycle codes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Runshi Zhou , Fang Zhang , Hui-Hai Zhao , Feng Wu , Linghang Kong , Jianxin Chen

A quantum computer needs the assistance of a classical algorithm to detect and identify errors that affect encoded quantum information. At this interface of classical and quantum computing the technique of machine learning has appeared as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-15 P. Baireuther , M. D. Caio , B. Criger , C. W. J. Beenakker , T. E. O'Brien

Fault-tolerant quantum computing demands decoders that are fast, accurate, and adaptable to circuit structure and realistic noise. While machine learning (ML) decoders have demonstrated impressive performance for quantum memory, their use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-16 J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Andi Gu , Susanne F. Yelin , Mikhail D. Lukin

Quantum low-density parity-check codes are promising candidates towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among these, bivariate bicycle (BB) codes offer superior encoding rates and large code distance compared to surface codes.…

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) are necessary for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Surface codes are a class of topological QECCs that have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional error-correcting capabilities and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Jifan Liang , Qianfan Wang , Lvzhou Li , Xiao Ma

Quantum computers hold the potential to surpass classical computers in solving complex computational problems. However, the fragility of quantum information and the error-prone nature of quantum operations make building large-scale,…