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This paper investigates Reinforcement Learning (RL) on data without explicit labels for reasoning tasks in Large Language Models (LLMs). The core challenge of the problem is reward estimation during inference while not having access to…

Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) focuses on learning policies solely from a batch of previously collected data. offering the potential to leverage such datasets effectively without the need for costly or risky active exploration. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Riccardo Zamboni , Enrico Brunetti , Marcello Restelli

Large Language Models (LLMs) in multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown promise for complex tasks, yet current training methods lack principled ways to connect system-level evaluation with agent-level and message-level learning. We propose a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Chih-Hsuan Yang , Tanwi Mallick , Le Chen , Krishnan Raghavan , Azton Wells , Amal Gueroudji , Ian T. Foster , Rajeev Thakur

Many recent successful off-policy multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms for cooperative partially observable environments focus on finding factorized value functions, leading to convoluted network structures. Building on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Raphaël Avalos , Mathieu Reymond , Ann Nowé , Diederik M. Roijers

The deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms as dynamic communication relays is critical for next-generation tactical networks. However, operating in contested environments requires solving a complex trade-off, including…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Thai Duong Nguyen , Ngoc-Tan Nguyen , Thanh-Dao Nguyen , Nguyen Van Huynh , Dinh-Hieu Tran , Symeon Chatzinotas

Large language models (LLMs) excel in tasks like question answering and dialogue, but complex tasks requiring interaction, such as negotiation and persuasion, require additional long-horizon reasoning and planning. Reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Joey Hong , Anca Dragan , Sergey Levine

Lane-changing decisions, which are crucial for autonomous vehicle path planning, face practical challenges due to rule-based constraints and limited data. Deep reinforcement learning has become a major research focus due to its advantages…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Xiaojun Bi , Mingjie He , Yiwen Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate to long-form questions, producing plausible yet factually incorrect answers. A common mitigation strategy is to provide attribution to LLM outputs. However, existing benchmarks primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yitao Long , Tiansheng Hu , Yilun Zhao , Arman Cohan , Chen Zhao

Causal Language Modeling (CLM) and Masked Language Modeling (MLM) are two mainstream learning paradigms based on Transformer networks, specifically the Decoder-only and Encoder-only architectures. The strengths of each paradigm in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Xinru Yu , Bin Guo , Shiwei Luo , Jie Wang , Tao Ji , Yuanbin Wu

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) commonly relies on a centralized critic to estimate the value function. However, learning such a critic from scratch is highly sample-inefficient and often lacks generalization across environments.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shahil Shaik , Aditya Parameshwaran , Anshul Nayak , Jonathon M. Smereka , Yue Wang

We propose a method to teach multiple large language models (LLM) to collaborate by interleaving their generations at the token level. We model the decision of which LLM generates the next token as a latent variable. By optimizing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Shannon Zejiang Shen , Hunter Lang , Bailin Wang , Yoon Kim , David Sontag

Existing value-factorized based Multi-Agent deep Reinforce-ment Learning (MARL) approaches are well-performing invarious multi-agent cooperative environment under thecen-tralized training and decentralized execution(CTDE) scheme,where all…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Runsheng Yu , Zhenyu Shi , Xinrun Wang , Rundong Wang , Buhong Liu , Xinwen Hou , Hanjiang Lai , Bo An

Recently, several studies have proposed frameworks for Quantum Federated Learning (QFL). For instance, the Google TensorFlow Quantum (TFQ) and TensorFlow Federated (TFF) libraries have been deployed for realizing QFL. However, developers,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Armin Moin , Atta Badii , Moharram Challenger

Judicious resource allocation can effectively enhance federated learning (FL) training performance in wireless networks by addressing both system and statistical heterogeneity. However, existing strategies typically rely on block fading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Jiacheng Wang , Le Liang , Hao Ye , Chongtao Guo , Shi Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs), with their remarkable ability to tackle challenging and unseen reasoning problems, hold immense potential for tabular learning, that is vital for many real-world applications. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Sungwon Han , Jinsung Yoon , Sercan O Arik , Tomas Pfister

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great abilities in various tasks, including question answering, arithmetic problem solving, and poem writing, among others. Although research on LLM-as-an-agent has shown that LLM can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Chuanneng Sun , Songjun Huang , Dario Pompili

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), despite its popularity and empirical success, suffers from the curse of dimensionality. This paper builds the mathematical framework to approximate cooperative MARL by a mean-field control (MFC)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Haotian Gu , Xin Guo , Xiaoli Wei , Renyuan Xu

Reinforcement learning (RL) often encounters delayed and sparse feedback in real-world applications, even with only episodic rewards. Previous approaches have made some progress in reward redistribution for credit assignment but still face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Yun Qu , Yuhang Jiang , Boyuan Wang , Yixiu Mao , Cheems Wang , Chang Liu , Xiangyang Ji

Non-stationarity is a fundamental challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), where agents update their behaviour as they learn. Many theoretical advances in MARL avoid the challenge of non-stationarity by coordinating the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Bora Yongacoglu , Gürdal Arslan , Serdar Yüksel

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has recently emerged as a significant area of research. However, MARL evaluation often lacks systematic diversity, hindering a comprehensive understanding of algorithms' capabilities. In particular,…