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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in question answering (QA) tasks. However, Multi-Answer Question Answering (MAQA), where a question may have several valid answers, remains challenging. Traditional QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Eviatar Nachshoni , Arie Cattan , Shmuel Amar , Ori Shapira , Ido Dagan

Today's large language models (LLMs) are capable of supporting multilingual scenarios, allowing users to interact with LLMs in their native languages. When LLMs respond to subjective questions posed by users, they are expected to align with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Yang Liu , Masahiro Kaneko , Chenhui Chu

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in natural language processing tasks and demonstrate considerable potential in the legal domain. However, legal applications demand high standards of accuracy, reliability, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Haitao Li , You Chen , Qingyao Ai , Yueyue Wu , Ruizhe Zhang , Yiqun Liu

Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress made in large language models (LLMs). Such advancements, while garnering significant attention, have concurrently elicited various concerns. The potential of these models is undeniably vast;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Tianhao Shen , Renren Jin , Yufei Huang , Chuang Liu , Weilong Dong , Zishan Guo , Xinwei Wu , Yan Liu , Deyi Xiong

Large language models (LLMs) have a transformative impact on a variety of scientific tasks across disciplines including biology, chemistry, medicine, and physics. However, ensuring the safety alignment of these models in scientific research…

As large language models (LLMs) are employed worldwide, existing evaluation paradigms for their multilingual capabilities primarily focus on factual task performance, neglecting the ability to judge content's deep-level values across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yukun Chen , Xinyu Zhang , Boyi Deng , Jialong Tang , Yu Wan , Fei Huang , Yuxi Zhou , Baosong Yang , Yiming Li

Developing Large Language Models (LLMs) with robust long-context capabilities has been the recent research focus, resulting in the emergence of long-context LLMs proficient in Chinese. However, the evaluation of these models remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Zexuan Qiu , Jingjing Li , Shijue Huang , Xiaoqi Jiao , Wanjun Zhong , Irwin King

Recent advances in large audio language models (LALMs) have greatly enhanced multimodal conversational systems. However, existing benchmarks remain limited -- they are mainly English-centric, rely on synthetic speech, and lack…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jiliang Hu , Wenfu Wang , Zuchao Li , Chenxing Li , Yiyang Zhao , Hanzhao Li , Liqiang Zhang , Meng Yu , Dong Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful technology, and thus, we have seen widespread adoption and use on software engineering teams. Most often, LLMs are designed as "general purpose" technologies meant to represent the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Brittany Johnson , Erin Reddick , Angela D. R. Smith

Human Label Variation (HLV), i.e. systematic differences among annotators' judgments, remains underexplored in benchmarks despite rapid progress in large language model (LLM) development. We address this gap by introducing an evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Tomas Ruiz , Tanalp Agustoslu , Carsten Schwemmer

The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) raises concerns about cultural bias, fairness, and performance in diverse languages and underrepresented regions. Addressing these gaps requires large-scale resources grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Firoj Alam , Md Arid Hasan , Sahinur Rahman Laskar , Mucahid Kutlu , Kareem Darwish , Shammur Absar Chowdhury

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to assign document relevance labels in information retrieval pipelines, especially in domains lacking human-labeled data. However, different models often disagree on borderline cases,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-04 William A. Ingram , Bipasha Banerjee , Edward A. Fox

The effective assessment of the instruction-following ability of large language models (LLMs) is of paramount importance. A model that cannot adhere to human instructions might be not able to provide reliable and helpful responses. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yimin Jing , Renren Jin , Jiahao Hu , Huishi Qiu , Xiaohua Wang , Peng Wang , Deyi Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming diverse fields and gaining increasing influence as human proxies. This development underscores the urgent need for evaluating value orientations and understanding of LLMs to ensure their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yuanyi Ren , Haoran Ye , Hanjun Fang , Xin Zhang , Guojie Song

The widespread application of LLMs across various tasks and fields has necessitated the alignment of these models with human values and preferences. Given various approaches of human value alignment, there is an urgent need to understand…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Samuel Cahyawijaya , Delong Chen , Yejin Bang , Leila Khalatbari , Bryan Wilie , Ziwei Ji , Etsuko Ishii , Pascale Fung

As AI systems become more advanced, ensuring their alignment with a diverse range of individuals and societal values becomes increasingly critical. But how can we capture fundamental human values and assess the degree to which AI systems…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Hua Shen , Tiffany Knearem , Reshmi Ghosh , Yu-Ju Yang , Nicholas Clark , Tanushree Mitra , Yun Huang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly influence high-stakes decision-making across global contexts, ensuring their alignment with diverse cultural values has become a critical governance challenge. This study presents a Multi-Layered…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Haijiang Liu , Jinguang Gu , Xun Wu , Daniel Hershcovich , Qiaoling Xiao

In the rapidly evolving domain of Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation, introducing Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new avenues for assessing generated content quality, e.g., coherence, creativity, and context relevance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhen Li , Xiaohan Xu , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Jia-Chen Gu , Yuxuan Lai , Chongyang Tao , Shuai Ma

This paper systematically examines nation-level biases exhibited by Large Language Models (LLMs) within the domain of International Relations (IR). Leveraging historical records from the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), we developed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jonghyeon Choi , Yeonjun Choi , Hyun-chul Kim , Beakcheol Jang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, yet aligning them efficiently and effectively with human expectations remains a critical challenge. This thesis advances LLM alignment by introducing novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yuxin Jiang