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Maps have always been an essential component of autonomous driving. With the advancement of autonomous driving technology, both the representation and production process of maps have evolved substantially. The article categorizes the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Pengxin Chen , Zhipeng Luo , Xiaoqi Jiang , Zhangcai Yin , Jonathan Li

The increasing complexity and unpredictability of many ICT scenarios let us envision that future systems will have to dynamically learn how to act and adapt to face evolving situations with little or no a priori knowledge, both at the level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Marco Lippi , Stefano Mariani , Matteo Martinelli , Franco Zambonelli

Reinforcement learning has been demonstrated to outperform even the best humans in complex domains like video games. However, running reinforcement learning experiments on the required scale for autonomous driving is extremely difficult.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Moritz Harmel , Anubhav Paras , Andreas Pasternak , Nicholas Roy , Gary Linscott

Safely interacting with humans is a significant challenge for autonomous driving. The performance of this interaction depends on machine learning-based modules of an autopilot, such as perception, behavior prediction, and planning. These…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Jay Shenoy , Edward Kim , Xiangyu Yue , Taesung Park , Daniel Fremont , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , Sanjit Seshia

There has been significant progress in sensing, perception, and localization for automated driving, However, due to the wide spectrum of traffic/road structure scenarios and the long tail distribution of human driver behavior, it has…

Simulation is essential to validate autonomous driving systems. However, a simple simulation, even for an extremely high number of simulated miles or hours, is not sufficient. We need well-founded criteria showing that simulation does…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Qiang Wang , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

The engineering community currently encounters significant challenges in the development of intelligent transportation algorithms that can be transferred from simulation to reality with minimal effort. This can be achieved by robustifying…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Chinmay Vilas Samak , Tanmay Vilas Samak , Venkat Krovi

Machine learning can provide efficient solutions to the complex problems encountered in autonomous driving, but ensuring their safety remains a challenge. A number of authors have attempted to address this issue, but there are few…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Jaeyoung Lee , Aravind Balakrishnan , Ashish Gaurav , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Sean Sedwards

Mapping is a time-consuming process for deploying robotic systems to new environments. The handling of maps is also risk-adverse when not managed effectively. We propose here, a standardised approach to handling such maps in a manner which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-23 James R. Heselden , Gautham P. Das

Autonomous systems use independent decision-making with only limited human intervention to accomplish goals in complex and unpredictable environments. As the autonomy technologies that underpin them continue to advance, these systems will…

Game-based interactive driving simulations have emerged as versatile platforms for advancing decision-making algorithms in road transport mobility. While these environments offer safe, scalable, and engaging settings for testing driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhihao Lin , Zhen Tian

Control systems on unmanned vehicles are safety-critical systems whose requirements on reliability and safety are ever-increasing. Currently, testing a complex autonomous control system is an expensive and time-consuming process, which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-08 Xunhua Dai , Chenxu Ke , Quan Quan , Kai-Yuan Cai

Trajectory planning and control have historically been separated into two modules in automated driving stacks. Trajectory planning focuses on higher-level tasks like avoiding obstacles and staying on the road surface, whereas the controller…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Rowan Dempster , Mohammad Al-Sharman , Derek Rayside , William Melek

The technology in the area of automated vehicles is gaining speed and promises many advantages. However, with the recent introduction of conditionally automated driving, we have also seen accidents. Test protocols for both, conditionally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-08-24 Alessia Knauss , Jan Schröder , Christian Berger , Henrik Eriksson

Automated Driving Systems (ADS) have made great achievements in recent years thanks to the efforts from both academia and industry. A typical ADS is composed of multiple modules, including sensing, perception, planning, and control, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Shuncheng Tang , Zhenya Zhang , Yi Zhang , Jixiang Zhou , Yan Guo , Shuang Liu , Shengjian Guo , Yan-Fu Li , Lei Ma , Yinxing Xue , Yang Liu

As the automotive industry shifts its focus toward software-defined vehicles, the need for faster and reliable software development continues to grow. However, traditional methods show their limitations. The rise of Generative Artificial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Fengjunjie Pan , Yinglei Song , Long Wen , Nenad Petrovic , Krzysztof Lebioda , Alois Knoll

Many organizations are developing autonomous driving systems, which are expected to be deployed at a large scale in the near future. Despite this, there is a lack of agreement on appropriate methods to test, debug, and certify the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Cumhur Erkan Tuncali , Georgios Fainekos , Hisahiro Ito , James Kapinski

Urban transportation of next decade is expected to be disrupted by Autonomous Mobility on Demand (AMoD): AMoD providers will collect ride requests from users and will dispatch a fleet of autonomous vehicles to satisfy requests in the most…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-11-07 Andrea Di Maria , Andrea Araldo , Giovanni Morana , Antonella Di Stefano

Shared control schemes allow a human driver to work with an automated driving agent in driver-vehicle systems while retaining the driver's abilities to control. The human driver, as an essential agent in the driver-vehicle shared control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-10 Wenshuo Wang , Xiaoxiang Na , Dongpu Cao , Jianwei Gong , Junqiang Xi , Yang Xi , Fei-Yue Wang

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to significantly revolutionize society by providing a secure and efficient mode of transportation. Recent years have witnessed notable advancements in autonomous driving perception and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Di Chen , Meixin Zhu , Hao Yang , Xuesong Wang , Yinhai Wang