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ReAct has become the default architecture across LLM agents, and many existing web agents follow this paradigm. We argue that it is the wrong default for web agents. Instead, web agents should default to plan-then-execute: commit to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Julien Piet , Annabella Chow , Yiwei Hou , Muxi Lyu , Sylvie Venuto , Jinhao Zhu , Raluca Ada Popa , David Wagner

Large language models (LLMs) that have been trained on a corpus that includes large amount of code exhibit a remarkable ability to understand HTML code. As web interfaces are primarily constructed using HTML, we design an in-depth study to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Faria Huq , Jeffrey P. Bigham , Nikolas Martelaro

Recently, neural models have been leveraged to significantly improve the performance of information extraction from semi-structured websites. However, a barrier for continued progress is the small number of datasets large enough to train…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Aidan San , Yuan Zhuang , Jan Bakus , Colin Lockard , David Ciemiewicz , Sandeep Atluri , Yangfeng Ji , Kevin Small , Heba Elfardy

We introduce Reagent, a technology that readily converts ordinary webpages containing structured data into software agents with which one can interact naturally, via a combination of speech and pointing. Previous efforts to make webpage…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Mathew Peveler , Jeffery Kephart , Hui Su

Users demand fast, seamless webpage experiences, yet developers often struggle to meet these expectations within tight constraints. Performance optimization, while critical, is a time-consuming and often manual process. One of the most…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Gideon Peters , SayedHassan Khatoonabadi , Emad Shihab

Recent research has explored the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for tackling complex graph reasoning tasks. However, due to the intricacies of graph structures and the inherent limitations of LLMs in handling long text, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yuwei Hu , Runlin Lei , Xinyi Huang , Zhewei Wei , Yongchao Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized software engineering (SE), showcasing remarkable proficiency in various coding tasks. Despite recent advancements that have enabled the creation of autonomous software agents utilizing LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Huy Nhat Phan , Tien N. Nguyen , Phong X. Nguyen , Nghi D. Q. Bui

Traditional enterprises face significant challenges in processing business documents, where tasks like extracting transport references from invoices remain largely manual despite their crucial role in logistics operations. While Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Jiale Liu , Yifan Zeng , Malte Højmark-Bertelsen , Marie Normann Gadeberg , Huazheng Wang , Qingyun Wu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) demonstrates remarkable performance across tasks in open-domain question-answering. However, traditional search engines may retrieve shallow content, limiting the ability of LLMs to handle complex,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Jialong Wu , Wenbiao Yin , Yong Jiang , Zhenglin Wang , Zekun Xi , Runnan Fang , Linhai Zhang , Yulan He , Deyu Zhou , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang

Effective information seeking in the vast and ever-growing digital landscape requires balancing expansive search with strategic reasoning. Current large language model (LLM)-based agents struggle to achieve this balance due to limitations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Xianghe Pang , Shuo Tang , Rui Ye , Yuwen Du , Yaxin Du , Siheng Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have fueled many intelligent web agents, but most existing ones perform far from satisfying in real-world web navigation tasks due to three factors: (1) the complexity of HTML text data (2) versatility of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Hanyu Lai , Xiao Liu , Iat Long Iong , Shuntian Yao , Yuxuan Chen , Pengbo Shen , Hao Yu , Hanchen Zhang , Xiaohan Zhang , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang

Language agents, built on top of language models (LMs), are systems that can interact with complex environments, such as the open web. In this work, we examine whether such agents can perform realistic and time-consuming tasks on the web,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ori Yoran , Samuel Joseph Amouyal , Chaitanya Malaviya , Ben Bogin , Ofir Press , Jonathan Berant

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in traditional natural language processing tasks but struggle with problems that require complex domain-specific calculations or simulations. While equipping LLMs with external tools to build LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Bohan Lyu , Xin Cong , Heyang Yu , Pan Yang , Yujia Qin , Yining Ye , Yaxi Lu , Zhong Zhang , Yukun Yan , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable advancements in enabling language agents to tackle simple tasks. However, applying them for complex, multi-step, long-horizon tasks remains a challenge. Recent work have found success by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Lutfi Eren Erdogan , Nicholas Lee , Sehoon Kim , Suhong Moon , Hiroki Furuta , Gopala Anumanchipalli , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

AI-powered web agents have the potential to automate repetitive tasks, such as form filling, information retrieval, and scheduling, but they struggle to reliably execute these tasks without human intervention, requiring users to provide…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yimeng Liu , Misha Sra , Jeevana Priya Inala , Chenglong Wang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have propelled research in natural language interfaces to databases. However, most state-of-the-art text-to-SQL systems still depend on complex, multi-stage pipelines. This work proposes a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fernando Granado , Roberto Lotufo , Jayr Pereira

Web agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities in planning and executing multi-step interactions within complex web-based environments, fulfilling a wide range of web navigation tasks. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yang Deng , Xuan Zhang , Wenxuan Zhang , Yifei Yuan , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua

Large language model agents are becoming increasingly capable at web-centric tasks such as information retrieval, complex reasoning. These emerging capabilities have given rise to surge research interests in developing LLM agent for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yu Li , Lehui Li , Lin Chen , Qingmin Liao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Recent advances in language model (LM) agents and function calling have enabled autonomous, feedback-driven systems to solve problems across various digital domains. To better understand the unique limitations of LM agents, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Dhruv Gautam , Spandan Garg , Jinu Jang , Neel Sundaresan , Roshanak Zilouchian Moghaddam

Web browsing agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have shown tremendous potential in automating complex web-based tasks. Existing approaches typically rely on large LLMs (e.g., GPT-4o) to explore web environments and generate…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Ruichen Zhang , Mufan Qiu , Zhen Tan , Mohan Zhang , Vincent Lu , Jie Peng , Kaidi Xu , Leandro Z. Agudelo , Peter Qian , Tianlong Chen