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To quantify the uncertainty in numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecasts, ensemble prediction systems are utilized. Although NWP forecasts continuously improve, they suffer from systematic bias and dispersion errors. To obtain well…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-30 Ferdinand Buchner , David Jobst , Annette Möller , Claudia Czado

Statistical postprocessing is used to translate ensembles of raw numerical weather forecasts into reliable probabilistic forecast distributions. In this study, we examine the use of permutation-invariant neural networks for this task. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-22 Kevin Höhlein , Benedikt Schulz , Rüdiger Westermann , Sebastian Lerch

The weather forecasting system is important for science and society, and significant achievements have been made in applying artificial intelligence (AI) to medium-range weather forecasting. However, existing AI-based weather forecasting…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Kun Chen , Lei Bai , Fenghua Ling , Peng Ye , Tao Chen , Hang Fan , Hao Chen , Yi Xiao , Kang Chen , Tao Han , Jing-Jia Luo , Wanli Ouyang

Postprocessing ensemble weather predictions to correct systematic errors has become a standard practice in research and operations. However, only few recent studies have focused on ensemble postprocessing of wind gust forecasts, despite its…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-14 Benedikt Schulz , Sebastian Lerch

Statistical post-processing of global ensemble weather forecasts is revisited by leveraging recent developments in machine learning. Verification of past forecasts is exploited to learn systematic deficiencies of numerical weather…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-10-23 Zied Ben-Bouallegue , Jonathan A Weyn , Mariana C A Clare , Jesper Dramsch , Peter Dueben , Matthew Chantry

Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models that integrate coupled physical equations forward in time are the traditional tools for simulating atmospheric processes and forecasting weather. With recent advancements in deep learning, AI-based…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Milton Gomez , Louis Poulain--Auzeau , Alexis Berne , Tom Beucler

The forecasting skill of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models critically depends on the accurate initial conditions, also known as analysis, provided by data assimilation (DA). Traditional DA methods often face a trade-off between…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Yanfei Xiang , Weixin Jin , Haiyu Dong , Mingliang Bai , Zuliang Fang , Pengcheng Zhao , Hongyu Sun , Kit Thambiratnam , Qi Zhang , Xiaomeng Huang

Artificial Intelligence (AI) weather prediction (AIWP) models are powerful tools for medium-range forecasts but often lack physical consistency, leading to outputs that violate conservation laws. This study introduces a set of novel…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Yingkai Sha , John S. Schreck , William Chapman , David John Gagne

Weather prediction today is performed with numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. These are deterministic simulation models describing the dynamics of the atmosphere, and evolving the current conditions forward in time to obtain a…

Applications · Statistics 2020-03-18 Annette Möller , Jürgen Groß

Current statistical post-processing methods for probabilistic weather forecasting are not capable of using full spatial patterns from the numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. In this paper we incorporate spatial wind speed information…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-21 Simon Veldkamp , Kirien Whan , Sjoerd Dirksen , Maurice Schmeits

Weather forecasts from numerical weather prediction models play a central role in solar energy forecasting, where a cascade of physics-based models is used in a model chain approach to convert forecasts of solar irradiance to solar power…

Applications · Statistics 2024-06-10 Nina Horat , Sina Klerings , Sebastian Lerch

Statistical post-processing techniques are now widely used to correct systematic biases and errors in calibration of ensemble forecasts obtained from multiple runs of numerical weather prediction models. A standard approach is the ensemble…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-05-23 Sándor Baran , Sebastian Lerch

Operational ocean forecasting systems conventionally employ dynamical ocean models driven by atmospheric forcing derived from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Xiaobing Zhou , Frank Colberg , Debra Hudson , Yonghong Yin , Griffith Young , Christopher Bladwell , Catherine Deburgh-Day

To address the uncertainty in outputs of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, ensembles of forecasts are used. To obtain such an ensemble of forecasts the NWP model is run multiple times, each time with different formulations and/or…

Applications · Statistics 2016-05-25 Annette Möller , Jürgen Groß

Ensemble forecast post-processing is a necessary step in producing accurate probabilistic forecasts. Conventional post-processing methods operate by estimating the parameters of a parametric distribution, frequently on a per-location or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Peter Mlakar , Janko Merše , Jana Faganeli Pucer

By the end of 2021, the renewable energy share of the global electricity capacity reached 38.3% and the new installations are dominated by wind and solar energy, showing global increases of 12.7% and 18.5%, respectively. However, both wind…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-18 Ágnes Baran , Sándor Baran

Accurate precipitation forecasting is a vital challenge of societal importance. Though data-driven approaches have emerged as a widely used solution, solely relying on data-driven approaches has limitations in modeling the underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yujin Tang , Jiaming Zhou , Xiang Pan , Zeying Gong , Junwei Liang

Machine-learning (ML) models, such as the AIFS at the ECMWF, have revolutionised weather forecasting in recent years. We present an extension of the AIFS that jointly models the atmosphere and surface ocean, including ocean waves and sea…

Severe convective storms are among the most dangerous weather phenomena and accurate forecasts mitigate their impacts. The recently released suite of AI-based weather models produces medium-range forecasts within seconds, with a skill…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Monika Feldmann , Tom Beucler , Milton Gomez , Olivia Martius

Numerical weather predictions (NWP) are systematically subject to errors due to the deterministic solutions used by numerical models to simulate the atmosphere. Statistical postprocessing techniques are widely used nowadays for NWP…