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Privacy-preserving machine learning (PPML) has become increasingly important in applications where sensitive data must remain confidential. Homomorphic Encryption (HE) enables computation directly on encrypted data, allowing neural network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nges Brian Njungle , Eric Jahns , Michel A. Kinsy

This paper investigates the deep learning optimization problem with softmax cross-entropy loss. We propose a layer separation strategy to alleviate the strong nonconvexity encountered during training deep networks. For cross-entropy models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yaru Liu , Michael K. Ng , Yiqi Gu

Privacy-preserving federated learning (PPFL) aims to train a global model for multiple clients while maintaining their data privacy. However, current PPFL protocols exhibit one or more of the following insufficiencies: considerable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Wenhan Dong , Chao Lin , Xinlei He , Shengmin Xu , Xinyi Huang

Outsourced computation for neural networks allows users access to state of the art models without needing to invest in specialized hardware and know-how. The problem is that the users lose control over potentially privacy sensitive data.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Robert Podschwadt , Daniel Takabi , Peizhao Hu

Federated learning has become increasingly widespread due to its ability to train models collaboratively without centralizing sensitive data. While most research on FL emphasizes privacy-preserving techniques during training, the evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Cem Ata Baykara , Ali Burak Ünal , Mete Akgün

Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) has become a growing trend in recent years and several such services are currently offered. MLaaS is essentially a set of services that provides machine learning tools and capabilities as part of cloud…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Daniel Takabi , Robert Podschwadt , Jeff Druce , Curt Wu , Kevin Procopio

In the domain of Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning (PPML), Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is often used for encrypted computation to allow secure and privacy-preserving outsourcing of machine learning modeling. While FHE enables…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Hunjae "Timothy" Lee , Corey Clark

Federated learning (FL) with fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) effectively safeguards data privacy during model aggregation by encrypting local model updates before transmission, mitigating threats from untrusted servers or eavesdroppers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xiangchen Meng , Yangdi Lyu

The integration of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) in federated learning (FL) has led to significant advances in data privacy. However, during the aggregation phase, it often results in performance degradation of the aggregated model,…

With the rapid development of AI technology, we have witnessed numerous innovations and conveniences. However, along with these advancements come privacy threats and risks. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) emerges as a key technology for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Pengbo Li , Huifang Huang , Ting Gao , Jin Guo , Jinqiao Duan

Data privacy concerns often prevent the use of cloud-based machine learning services for sensitive personal data. While homomorphic encryption (HE) offers a potential solution by enabling computations on encrypted data, the challenge is to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Kanthi Sarpatwar , Karthik Nandakumar , Nalini Ratha , James Rayfield , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Sharath Pankanti , Roman Vaculin

Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables calculating on encrypted data, which makes it possible to perform privacypreserving neural network inference. One disadvantage of this technique is that it is several orders of magnitudes slower than…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Wouter Legiest , Jan-Pieter D'Anvers , Furkan Turan , Michiel Van Beirendonck , Ingrid Verbauwhede

Machine Learning (ML) has become one of the most impactful fields of data science in recent years. However, a significant concern with ML is its privacy risks due to rising attacks against ML models. Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Khoa Nguyen , Mindaugas Budzys , Eugene Frimpong , Tanveer Khan , Antonis Michalas

Deep Learning as a Service (DLaaS) stands as a promising solution for cloud-based inference applications. In this setting, the cloud has a pre-learned model whereas the user has samples on which she wants to run the model. The biggest…

The dramatic increase of data breaches in modern computing platforms has emphasized that access control is not sufficient to protect sensitive user data. Recent advances in cryptography allow end-to-end processing of encrypted data without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Eduardo Chielle , Oleg Mazonka , Homer Gamil , Michail Maniatakos

Every commercially available, state-of-the-art neural network consume plain input data, which is a well-known privacy concern. We propose a new architecture based on homomorphic encryption, which allows the neural network to operate on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Marcos Florencio , Luiz Alencar , Bianca Lima

In this technical report, we explore the use of homomorphic encryption (HE) in the context of training and predicting with deep learning (DL) models to deliver strict \textit{Privacy by Design} services, and to enforce a zero-trust model of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-18 Francis Dutil , Alexandre See , Lisa Di Jorio , Florent Chandelier

Quantum Federated Learning (QFL) enables distributed training of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) models by sharing model gradients instead of raw data. However, these gradients can still expose sensitive user information. To enhance privacy,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Lukas Böhm , Arjhun Swaminathan , Anika Hannemann , Erik Buchmann

Federated Learning trains machine learning models on distributed devices by aggregating local model updates instead of local data. However, privacy concerns arise as the aggregated local models on the server may reveal sensitive personal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Weizhao Jin , Yuhang Yao , Shanshan Han , Jiajun Gu , Carlee Joe-Wong , Srivatsan Ravi , Salman Avestimehr , Chaoyang He

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is one of the most promising technologies for privacy protection as it allows an arbitrary number of function computations over encrypted data. However, the computational cost of these FHE systems limits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Toufique Morshed , Md Momin Al Aziz , Noman Mohammed