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Text content created by humans or language models is often stolen or misused by adversaries. Tracing text provenance can help claim the ownership of text content or identify the malicious users who distribute misleading content like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Xi Yang , Jie Zhang , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Zehua Ma , Feng Wang , Nenghai Yu

With the rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs), safeguarding textual content against unauthorized use is crucial. Watermarking offers a vital solution, protecting both - LLM-generated and plain text sources. This paper presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Harsh Nishant Lalai , Aashish Anantha Ramakrishnan , Raj Sanjay Shah , Dongwon Lee

Protecting intellectual property (IP) of text such as articles and code is increasingly important, especially as sophisticated attacks become possible, such as paraphrasing by large language models (LLMs) or even unauthorized training of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Gregory Kang Ruey Lau , Xinyuan Niu , Hieu Dao , Jiangwei Chen , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

This paper introduces a novel problem, distributional information embedding, motivated by the practical demands of multi-bit watermarking for large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional information embedding, which embeds information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

Potential harms of Large Language Models such as mass misinformation and plagiarism can be partially mitigated if there exists a reliable way to detect machine generated text. In this paper, we propose a new watermarking method to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Kaan Efe Keleş , Ömer Kaan Gürbüz , Mucahid Kutlu

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) offers a promising approach to identifying AI-generated text. Existing approaches, however, either compromise the distribution of original generated text by LLMs or are limited to embedding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Ya Jiang , Chuxiong Wu , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Brian Mark , Kai Zeng

The powerful ability to understand, follow, and generate complex language emerging from large language models (LLMs) makes LLM-generated text flood many areas of our daily lives at an incredible speed and is widely accepted by humans. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Junchao Wu , Shu Yang , Runzhe Zhan , Yulin Yuan , Derek F. Wong , Lidia S. Chao

We study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs) generated text -- one of the most promising approaches for addressing the safety challenges of LLM usage. In this paper, we propose a rigorous theoretical framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Xuandong Zhao , Prabhanjan Ananth , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang

Large language model (LLM) watermarks enable authentication of text provenance, curb misuse of machine-generated text, and promote trust in AI systems. Current watermarks operate by changing the next-token predictions output by an LLM. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Dor Tsur , Carol Xuan Long , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Hsiang Hsu , Chen-Fu Chen , Haim Permuter , Sajani Vithana , Flavio P. Calmon

Watermarking of language model outputs enables statistical detection of model-generated text, which can mitigate harms and misuses of language models. Existing watermarking strategies operate by altering the decoder of an existing language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Chenchen Gu , Xiang Lisa Li , Percy Liang , Tatsunori Hashimoto

The rapid development of LLMs has raised concerns about their potential misuse, leading to various watermarking schemes that typically offer high detectability. However, existing watermarking techniques often face trade-off between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Chenrui Wang , Junyi Shu , Billy Chiu , Yu Li , Saleh Alharbi , Min Zhang , Jing Li

Advances in generative models have made it possible for AI-generated text, code, and images to mirror human-generated content in many applications. Watermarking, a technique that aims to embed information in the output of a model to verify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Qi Pang , Shengyuan Hu , Wenting Zheng , Virginia Smith

In recent years, LLM watermarking has emerged as an attractive safeguard against AI-generated content, with promising applications in many real-world domains. However, there are growing concerns that the current LLM watermarking schemes are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Shayleen Reynolds , Hengzhi He , Dung Daniel T. Ngo , Saheed Obitayo , Niccolò Dalmasso , Guang Cheng , Vamsi K. Potluru , Manuela Veloso

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu

Large language model (LLM) unlearning is critical in real-world applications where it is necessary to efficiently remove the influence of private, copyrighted, or harmful data from some users. Existing utility-centric unlearning metrics…

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to applications such as question answering and content creation, reliable content attribution has become increasingly important. Watermarking is a promising approach, but most existing methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ya Jiang , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Surender Suresh Kumar , Kai Zeng

Recently, watermarking schemes for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to distinguish text generated by machines and by humans. The present paper explores philosophical, political, and ethical ramifications of implementing and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Tim Räz

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for tracing and authenticating text generated by large language models (LLMs). A common approach to LLM watermarking is to construct a green/red token list and assign higher or lower…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu , Yang Zhang , Shiyu Chang

Watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have attained high accuracy in detecting LLM-generated text. However, existing methods primarily focus on distinguishing fully watermarked text from non-watermarked text, overlooking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Leyi Pan , Aiwei Liu , Yijian Lu , Zitian Gao , Yichen Di , Shiyu Huang , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

Multi-bit watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for embedding imperceptible binary messages into Large Language Model (LLM)-generated text, enabling reliable attribution and tracing of malicious usage of LLMs. Despite recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang
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