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The self-attention mechanism is central to the success of Transformer architectures. However, standard row-stochastic attention has been shown to suffer from significant signal degradation across layers. In particular, it can induce rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Michela Lapenna , Rita Fioresi , Bahman Gharesifard

Transformer-based models, such as BERT and GPT, have been widely adopted in natural language processing (NLP) due to their exceptional performance. However, recent studies show their vulnerability to textual adversarial attacks where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Lujia Shen , Yuwen Pu , Shouling Ji , Changjiang Li , Xuhong Zhang , Chunpeng Ge , Ting Wang

Recently, attention-based encoder-decoder (AED) models have shown high performance for end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) across several tasks. Addressing overconfidence in such models, in this paper we introduce the concept of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-16 Timo Lohrenz , Patrick Schwarz , Zhengyang Li , Tim Fingscheidt

Many real-world applications based on online learning produce streaming data that is haphazard in nature, i.e., contains missing features, features becoming obsolete in time, the appearance of new features at later points in time and a lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Rohit Agarwal , Deepak Gupta , Alexander Horsch , Dilip K. Prasad

Initially developed for natural language processing (NLP), Transformer model is now widely used for speech processing tasks such as speaker recognition, due to its powerful sequence modeling capabilities. However, conventional…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-28 Rui Wang , Junyi Ao , Long Zhou , Shujie Liu , Zhihua Wei , Tom Ko , Qing Li , Yu Zhang

Hybrid architectures combining state-space models with attention have achieved strong efficiency-quality tradeoffs, yet existing approaches either apply attention uniformly or learn static sparse patterns. This misses a key opportunity:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ibne Farabi Shihab , Sanjeda Akter , Anuj Sharma

Transformer models typically calculate attention matrices using dot products, which have limitations when capturing nonlinear relationships between embedding vectors. We propose Neural Attention, a technique that replaces dot products with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Andrew DiGiugno , Ausif Mahmood

Normalizing flows provide an elegant method for obtaining tractable density estimates from distributions by using invertible transformations. The main challenge is to improve the expressivity of the models while keeping the invertibility…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Avideep Mukherjee , Badri Narayan Patro , Vinay P. Namboodiri

Continual learning (CL) empowers AI systems to progressively acquire knowledge from non-stationary data streams. However, catastrophic forgetting remains a critical challenge. In this work, we identify attention drift in Vision Transformers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yue Lu , Xiangyu Zhou , Shizhou Zhang , Yinghui Xing , Guoqiang Liang , Wencong Zhang

Mixup is an effective data augmentation method that generates new augmented samples by aggregating linear combinations of different original samples. However, if there are noises or aberrant features in the original samples, Mixup may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Leixin Yang , Yu Xiang

Transformer-based models have been achieving state-of-the-art results in several fields of Natural Language Processing. However, its direct application to speech tasks is not trivial. The nature of this sequences carries problems such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Gerard Sant , Gerard I. Gállego , Belen Alastruey , Marta R. Costa-Jussà

Latest development of neural models has connected the encoder and decoder through a self-attention mechanism. In particular, Transformer, which is solely based on self-attention, has led to breakthroughs in Natural Language Processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Xindian Ma , Peng Zhang , Shuai Zhang , Nan Duan , Yuexian Hou , Dawei Song , Ming Zhou

While the multi-branch architecture is one of the key ingredients to the success of computer vision tasks, it has not been well investigated in natural language processing, especially sequence learning tasks. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Yang Fan , Shufang Xie , Yingce Xia , Lijun Wu , Tao Qin , Xiang-Yang Li , Tie-Yan Liu

Attention modules, as simple and effective tools, have not only enabled deep neural networks to achieve state-of-the-art results in many domains, but also enhanced their interpretability. Most current models use deterministic attention…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-22 Xinjie Fan , Shujian Zhang , Bo Chen , Mingyuan Zhou

Transformers have emerged as a powerful neural network architecture capable of tackling a wide range of learning tasks. In this work, we provide a theoretical analysis of their ability to automatically extract structure from data in an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-29 Rodrigo Maulen-Soto , Pierre Marion , Claire Boyer

Transformer-based video diffusion models (VDMs) deliver state-of-the-art video generation quality but are constrained by the quadratic cost of self-attention, making long sequences and high resolutions computationally expensive. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mohsen Ghafoorian , Denis Korzhenkov , Amirhossein Habibian

Attention mechanism is a significant part of Transformer models. It helps extract features from embedded vectors by adding global information and its expressivity has been proved to be powerful. Nevertheless, the quadratic complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hanwen Liu , Yixuan Ma , Shi Jin , Yuguang Wang

Transformer is a ubiquitous model for natural language processing and has attracted wide attentions in computer vision. The attention maps are indispensable for a transformer model to encode the dependencies among input tokens. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Yujing Wang , Yaming Yang , Jiangang Bai , Mingliang Zhang , Jing Bai , Jing Yu , Ce Zhang , Gao Huang , Yunhai Tong

The training and generalization dynamics of the Transformer's core mechanism, namely the Attention mechanism, remain under-explored. Besides, existing analyses primarily focus on single-head attention. Inspired by the demonstrated benefits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Puneesh Deora , Rouzbeh Ghaderi , Hossein Taheri , Christos Thrampoulidis

Overparameterized transformer networks have obtained state of the art results in various natural language processing tasks, such as machine translation, language modeling, and question answering. These models contain hundreds of millions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-26 Angela Fan , Edouard Grave , Armand Joulin